Research Journal of Psychology

Mindfulness and Self-Rediscovery: Strategies for Reclaiming Happiness in a Materially Rich but Emotionally Challenged Society

2025-01-01T21:27:03+02:00

Psychologically wealthy but emotionally deprived societies were the focus of our study with mindfulness and self-discovery regarding happiness. Moreover, to the purpose of the use of these practices for emotional well-being, interviews based on a qualitative approach were carried out with 20 participants. The quantitative analysis revealed how mindfulness, that included meditation and breath awareness supported stress, emotion regulation and focused attention in the present. Self-rediscovery which involved orientation to one’s fundamental self, changed participants’ goal from the external or tangible to internal or lofty, enhancing their overall Levels of life satisfaction. The findings will also underscore the significance of mindfulness and self-search for the upkeep of the emotional health of individuals in today’s’ conspicuous world of consumption. They bring useful tips for improving the state of happiness and mental health into focus.

The Interplay between Media and Child Abuse in Pakistan: Causes, Social Impact, and Policy Responses

2025-02-11T16:18:51+02:00

Child abuse is any human-caused behavior that cease a child's inherent potential. It involves all forms of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse that may harm a child's development and sense of self. It has become a significant global issue, many developed and developing nations face this challenge. According to media reports, 800 innocents in Pakistan were sexually abused in 2019. Qualitative method is used for current research, and information has been obtained through variety of sources including research Articles, newspapers, magazines and books. The main fact is that right children are abused every day, which has become a serious problem for Pakistan. The current research is conducted on child abuse its types, effects, causes, role of media, educational institutions and UNCRC.

Parenting Styles and Peer Pressure in Relation to Academic Performance Among Adolescents

2025-01-03T19:48:02+02:00

The present study aimed to examine the influence of parenting styles and peer pressure on academic performance among university students. A random sample of 258 students aged 18–26 years was collected from various universities. Participants completed a self-developed demographic sheet, the Perceived Parenting Style Scale (Divya & Manikandan, 2013), and the Peer Pressure Scale Questionnaire Revised (Saini & Singh, 2016). Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, and regression analyses were conducted. The findings indicated a significant weak negative correlation between academic performance (measured by CGPA) and peer pressure (r = -.14, p < .05), while an insignificant negative correlation was observed between academic performance and parenting styles (r = -.016, p > .05). A significant strong positive correlation was found between peer pressure and parenting styles (r = .32, p < .01). Regression analysis revealed that peer pressure significantly predicted academic performance (ß = -.152, p < .05), whereas parenting styles did not significantly predict academic performance (ß = .032, p > .05). The model explained only 2.1% of the variance in academic performance (R² = .021, F(2, 255) = 2.754, p > .01). These findings suggest that peer pressure negatively affects academic performance, albeit weakly, while parenting styles exhibit no substantial relationship with academic performance in this sample. However, peer pressure and parenting styles are significantly correlated, indicating a potential interaction worth exploring in future research. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the complex dynamics between external influences and academic outcomes among university students.

Contrasting Climate Change Strategies: The Political and Psychological Perspectives of Trump and Biden's Approaches

2025-01-04T20:58:44+02:00

The climate change strategy of former President Donald Trump and current President Joe Biden can be compared and assessed by both political and psychological outcomes. During the years under Trump, climate policies involved a persistent denial and repudiation of most mainstream climate science, in which significant efforts were implemented for rolling back environmental laws and regulations, withdrawal of Paris Agreement, and mainly advocating fossil fuel industries. Increased doubt and skepticism about the severity of climate change in the United States and throughout the world resulted from these programs' intense political controversy and broad criticism from environmentalists and foreign leaders. By re-entering the Paris Agreement, pledging to meet aggressive renewable energy targets, and positioning climate action as a public health necessity, Biden's government, on the other hand, has made climate change a top priority. It will describe how Trump's denial and deregulation of climate policy have filled the environment with anger, powerlessness, and fear for environmentalists and the general public. However, Biden's more expansive and assertive climate plan generates a sense of urgency, responsibility, and hope among environmental activists and young Americans. This study explores the influence of leaders on public opinion about climate change, thereby taking the psychological approach regarding climate action from global to local political issue. This paper analyzes what follows from the difference between encouragement and discouragement of the government from promoting group work toward solving climate issues by affecting public trust and participation in policy processes. This research also identifies the connection between social forces and prevailing trends of change.

Experiences of Postpartum Depression in Pakistan: A Phenomenological Study

2025-01-07T11:20:55+02:00

This current study was conducted to explore the experiences of postpartum depression in Pakistan. This is not a novel phenomenon in Pakistan; however, the societal norms and taboos have stigmatized it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore what women in Pakistan go through while dealing with postpartum depression. Previous researches in Pakistan have not been sufficient enough to highlight the postpartum women's experiences, thus, rationalizing the need for this study. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study consisted of six participants (women residing in Lahore) who had experienced postpartum depression. The participants belonged to diverse backgrounds and with the help of in-depth semi-structured interviews, their experiences were collected. After a thorough thematic analysis, seven major themes emerged. The findings of the study shed light on the sufferings of women experiencing PPD, how their psychological, physical, and social well-being was compromised and how they managed it while overcoming the stigma of mental disorders in a country like Pakistan.

The Role of Faith-Based Coping Mechanisms in Enhancing Mental Resilience: A Study Among Muslim Students

2025-01-08T08:58:48+02:00

Students’ mental health issues have received a lot of attention around the world. In this respect, religious beliefs, especially from students of the Islamic faith have benefits in boosting the ability to cope with stress and other mental conditions. More information about how Islam helps with mental health is explained in this article such as praying, reciting the Quran, having family and friends, and relying on Allah (Tawakkul). Most of the findings provide support for the use of faith-based models in psychological therapies, especially in the formulation of an integrated package of care for psychologists’ clients. In this research, the scholars intend to explore how Salah, (prayers) and reading the Quran improve mental health among students. An exploratory cross-sectional survey research design using both quantitative and qualitative data was employed to analyze the effects on stress coping and mental health of these religious practices. Questions posed to the participants included the number of times they performed Salah, reading of the Quran, and other religious-related activities used to address stress. It also examined practitioners’ endowed impressions of how efficacious such practices are for fostering psychological fortitude and incorporated queries regarding the way faith may facilitate overcoming mental illness in the Self-Reflexive portion. The study hypothesized was that religious practices such as Salah, and Quranic recitation improve the psychological well-being of Muslim students. The survey asked participants to rate these practices on the scale and free comments indicated how faith helps people cope with emotions, stress, and other challenges. As the results pointed their finger to the positive relationship between increased regular religious attendance on stress-related coping, the present findings are consistent with the other research evidencing the salutary effects of spirituality on mental health. It emerged that faith-based practices enable Muslim students to persevere in issues aching their academic or social lives. However, participants also expressed difficulties in sustaining such practice during certain periods, for example, time pressure or limited resources. The work indicates that the adaptation of religion-based values into university counseling services may be helpful in addressing the psychological needs of Muslim students. In addition, the current study urges subsequent studies to look at the part that Imams, Chaplains, and self-help groups can jointly play in improving the psychological well-being of Muslim students. I can safely assume that by incorporating religious concepts into models of support for mental health, universities may adapt better to the currently diverse student rolls.

An Examination of the Effects of Frugal (simple) Innovation Environmental and Economic Performance of SMEs

2025-01-08T12:31:06+02:00

In this research, simple innovation and small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)s’ environmental and financial performance are under analysis. Simple innovation, characterized by resource-efficient and cost-effective approaches, is examined for its role in fostering sustainable solutions and enhancing business outcomes. The research highlights how SMEs adopting simple innovation minimize ecological footprints through optimized resource use and waste reduction while achieving cost savings and increased market competitiveness. The findings reveal a dual effect: simple innovation significantly benefits environmental performance but presents complexities in its financial outcomes, moderated by organizational proactivity. The results underline the strategic importance of simple innovation for addressing global challenges such as resource scarcity and economic inequality, offering a pathway for sustainable growth in both emerging and developed markets. This study provides actionable insights for SMEs and policymakers, emphasizing the need to integrate simple innovation into business strategies. Future research should explore sector-specific applications and long-term implications to maximize its potential.

Impact of Cognitive Behavior Coping Skills on Relapse Prevention in Individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder

2025-01-08T12:50:27+02:00

Methamphetamine use has spread throughout the world, needing a thorough assessment of the efficacy of different therapeutic approaches. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior coping skills in preventing relapses in methamphetamine addicts was assessed in this study. People with methamphetamine dependence at addiction treatment and rehabilitation facilities in Pakistan participated in a randomized controlled trial. The study hypotheses were evaluated using four questionnaires. A total of 60 participants were split into two groups: 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Relapse rates were significantly lower in the treatment group. In order to help people manage methamphetamine cravings as a chronic stressor that threatens recovery from substance use disorder, these findings highlight the significance of cognitive-behavioral coping skills in promoting positive emotions. which could be crucial in assisting people in controlling methamphetamine cravings, a persistent stressor that jeopardizes substance use disorder recovery. Significant changes were found to originate within subjects, according to the results of the Repeated Measure ANOVA, which was conducted using SPSS 26. The results indicate significant group differences on the variables of aggression, methamphetamine craving, coping skills, and stimulant relapse risk. The results of this study demonstrated that cognitive behavior coping skills interventions can lower aggression and craving levels as well as the likelihood of relapse in people with methamphetamine use disorder. Cognitive behavior interventions are also recommended as a treatment for improving personnel factors like self-efficacy and quality of life coping. According to the study's findings, providing cognitive behavior coping skills to an experimental group in an inpatient setting was both feasible and successful when compared to standard inpatient treatment. Cognitive behavior coping skills (CBCS) were found to be effective in preventing relapses in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. This study will further our understanding of CBCS as an evidence-based intervention for substance use disorders.

Nutritional Factors Influencing Preterm Birth Risks and Fetal Development

2025-01-10T09:33:56+02:00

Background: Defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, preterm birth (PB) still presents a serious worldwide health issue that greatly increases newborn morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To look at how preterm birth risks and fetal development might be affected by mother food choices, coffee intake and systematic impediments. Methods: Involving 400 women, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Malakand area between March and July 2020. Data were gathered by means of standardized questionnaires sent to individuals and healthcare professionals. Important factors examined were mother caffeine intake, knowledge of dietary guidelines and socioeconomic constraints. Results: Of the participants, 33% suffered with PB; 75% of these women drank more than five cups of coffee daily, compared to 10.1% in full-term cases (p = 0.001). Of PB patients, 76.8% cut caffeine intake post-delivery; in contrast, 100% of high-caffeine consumers in full-term cases cut intake during pregnancy. Lack of awareness about nutrition (68%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Preterm birth risks are greatly influenced by excessive caffeine use as well as by systematic obstacles including financial restrictions and lack of dietary support. Improving pregnancy results depends mostly on proactive dietary interventions, nutritional education and culturally responsive support networks.

Integration of Alternate Dispute Resolution as a Complement to the Traditional Court System in Pakistan

2025-01-11T20:39:28+02:00

This article aims to examine the possibility of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Pakistan replacing the country's established legal system. The main objective of the study is to assess the applicability of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the Pakistani legal framework, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of this approach, and compared it to the traditional court system. Like the judicial system of many other countries, Pakistan's judicial system is plagued by serious problems such as backlogs, delays, high costs, and limited access to justice. However, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and conciliation, have attracted attention because they offer a faster, more affordable, and more flexible way to resolve disputes than traditional dispute settlement system. The study begins with a description of the components and challenges of Pakistan's legal system, and then delves into the concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and its different models. It examines the context of the development and integration of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) into the legal system of Pakistan. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy and to determine whether ADR is an appropriate alternative to resolving the conflict in Pakistan. To provide in-depth knowledge, the study also examines the relevant laws in Pakistan and best practices for the United States, the United Kingdom, and India to improve alternative dispute resolution (ADR) system. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the existing knowledge on ADR in Pakistan, offering practical insights for policymakers and legal professionals. Moreover, it will emphasize ADR's potential to relieve pressure on the court system, lower litigation costs, expedite case resolution, and enhance access to justice for various sectors of society.

The Role of Spirituality against Psychological Distress in University Students: A Focus on Meaning in Life

2025-01-14T05:38:58+02:00

This study investigates how spirituality affects the psychological distress experienced by university students, with meaning in life acting as a mediating variable. A correlational and quantitative research design was employed, using a purposive sampling technique to select 500 university students from five universities in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected using validated instruments to measure psychological distress, spirituality, and meaning in life. Statistical analyses, including frequency distribution for demographic variables, correlational analysis, and mediation analysis, were conducted using SPSS. The results revealed a significant negative relationship between spirituality and psychological distress, confirming that meaning in life significantly mediates this relationship. These findings underscore the role of spirituality and meaning in life as protective factors against psychological distress among university students, offering reassurance and hope for their mental well-being. The study concludes by discussing its implications and suggesting directions for future research.

Identifying and Supporting Approaches in Pakistani Schools to Address Learning Disabilities

2025-01-16T15:30:44+02:00

Learning disabilities (LD) have profound negative impact on students’ academic achievement and development but again LD is either unrecognized or under addressed in school in Pakistan. In this quantitative research, the methods and practices that help learners with LD in the Pakistani schools are determined with the main purpose of solving the problem. The total sample comprised two hundred participants, teachers, and school administrators who were administered structured questionnaires for assessing LD awareness, intervention, and institutional support measures for students with LD. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of congruency and in congruency of knowledge with educators and access to specialized resources indicate a moderate level of awareness. The results point to a require for specific teacher professional development, changes at a policy level, coupled with the inclusion and implementation of scientifically based instruction to effectively address learning of students with LD. The current study offers practical implications to the policy makers and educators in order to deal with the barriers of learning disabilities in Pakistani context.

Impact of Social Media Influencers on Purchase Intention

2025-01-22T20:19:43+02:00

With an emphasis on the moderating function of source legitimacy, this study investigates how social media influencers affect customers' purchase intentions. Influencers on social media have grown to be important figures in influencing consumer behavior, especially among younger audience, Gen Z. This study investigates how influencer-generated content influences customers' attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, resulting in higher purchase intentions. It does this by drawing Source Credibility Theory. According to the study, as compared to influencers with lesser credibility, individuals with higher credibility greatly increase consumers' trust and have a beneficial effect on their buy intentions.

Relationship between Death Anxiety and Resilience among Myocardial Infarction Patients: Moderated By Social Support

2025-01-24T08:12:13+02:00

The current research aimed to assess the relationship between death anxiety and resilience among myocardial infarction patients, moderated by social support, and to find out the difference of death anxiety, resilience, and social support about the demographic variables (gender, age, qualification, marital status and number of heart attacks). A sample of 300 patients from different hospitals (CMH, AIMS, Cardiac hospital & AMI)in Muzaffarabad was taken. Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Nicholson McBride Resilience Questionnaire (NMRQ), and Social Support Questionnaire- Shortened Version were used. Total 45items of questionnaires were given to the participants from different hospitals of Muzaffarabad. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software version 21, using the analysis of correlation, regression, moderation, t-test, and ANOVA. Correlation yielded that there is no significant relationship between death anxiety and resilience among MI patients. Social support plays the role of moderator in the relationship between death anxiety and resilience. Statistical analysis has shown that there exists no significant difference in levels of death anxiety and resilience of MI patients based on age, gender, qualification, family income, and number of heart attacks. Marital status has a significant impact on death anxiety but not on the resilience of these patients. Our research shows that the study of these demographics has a significant impact on the level of social support. A significant difference was noted in values of social support based on gender, qualification, and number of heart attacks. The study can provide insight that could guide interventions and support for those dealing with death anxiety and the vital role of social support.

Impact of Negative Decisions on Mental Health among College and University Students

2025-01-27T16:43:03+02:00

The purpose of the study is to explore the intricate relationship between negative decisions and the mental health of college and university students. The correlation research design will be used for this study. The sample of the study will comprise N=300, evenly distributed between men (n=150) and women (n=150) in a university setting that will be selected ensuring the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were selected through random sampling. The decision-making questionnaire (DMQ) was developed by Paul T. Coster (1998) and consists of 21 items, General health questionnaire (GHQ) was developed by David Goldberg (1994), and consisted of items 12. The finding aims to uncover the impact of negative experiences affects same as males and females. It is hypothesized that there will be a significant relationship between negative decision-making and mental health. Or there is a significant positive relationship between bad experiences or mental health among university or college students. The findings have significant implications for institutions to prioritize the students’ decision-making strategies or create a supportive environment to enhance their well-being to test these hypotheses Pearson moment correlation or t-test will measure Data will analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 version.

Inclusive Leadership and Emotional Intelligence: Strategies to Address Grapevine Communication in Private HEIs

2025-01-29T20:25:38+02:00

The study investigates how leaders' emotional intelligence reduces negative workplace communication flows at private universities located in Sindh province, Pakistan. This study investigates the moderating impact of inclusive leadership style among these findings. The research gathered data from 243 participants through snowball sampling before measuring these results on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The research team used Structural Equation Modeling with Smart PLS to examine the proposed model relationships. Results show that leaders with emotional intelligence display lower grapevine communication which becomes more pronounced when they demonstrate an inclusive style of leadership. The study brings important findings which help higher education institutions use emotional intelligence and inclusive leadership practices to develop cohesive and productive workplaces.

Pedagogical, Professional, and Resource Concerns: Understanding Pre-service Teachers' Preparedness for Inclusive Education Implementation

2025-02-03T08:48:52+02:00

The focus of this study was to explore the underlying factor structure of pre-service teachers’ concerns related to their implementation of inclusive education. In the Pakistani context, limited research exists on pre-service teachers’ concerns regarding preparedness for inclusive education implementation, while education around the world is gaining increasing prominence in inclusive education. A quantitative approach to data collection was adopted from the pre-service teachers (N=635) from five Pakistani universities using a thirty-item questionnaire. The dimensionality of teachers’ concerns was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Oblimin rotation. Bartlett’s test (p < .001) and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (.938) indicated sampling adequacy. The EFA revealed a three-factor structure explaining 52.77% of the total variance: Pedagogical Preparedness concerns (10 items, variance=18.76%), Professional Efficacy concerns (10 items, variance=17.72%), and Resource and Support Concerns (10 items, variance=16.31%). There was strong internal consistency among all factors (Cronbach’s α .898 to .903). Intercorrelations among factors were extremely low (.009-.072), indicating distinct dimensions. The results suggest that pre-service teachers’ concerns with inclusive education occur along the dimensions of pedagogic skills, competency to deliver inclusive education, pre-service teachers’ professional development needs, and the provision of institutional support. The results of this study give good insights into teacher education programs in Pakistan in terms of targeted interventions in these three areas. The empirically validated factor structure of the survey provides a framework for the study of concerns among pre-service teachers with respect to the implementation of inclusive education. The relationship of these factors with actual teaching performance and student outcomes in inclusive settings is important for future research.

The Socio-Cultural Architecture of Depression: Integrating Psychological Theories with Cross-Cultural Insights

2025-02-04T08:42:11+02:00

Depression is a widely prevalent mental illness that cannot be reduced by cultural, societal, or even economic statuses of people. Probably for most of the past depression has been viewed from psychological and biomedical perspectives with a center on neurochemical disorders, negative thinking patterns, and lack of understanding of one’s mood. However, there is growing understanding that socio-cultural factors bear a great influence on the development of depression, its manifestation and management. The purpose of this research was to examine the cultural factors in depressive disorders with an assessment of how culture shapes depression with particular reference to social culture, organization, and history and to examine the difference between individualist and collectivist cultures in relation to depression and its treatment aims to capture how different cultures underpin depression. The study was qualitative only in the broad sense of the term since it is cross-cultural, comparative, and based on in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and case studies, which provided ample qualitative information from a range of individuals diagnosed with depression across cultures. Similarly, mental health care professionals in various organizations of different ethnicities were engaged to share culturally appropriate approaches for tackling issues and managing the clients. Content analysis was used in order to compare and contrast the data collected by identifying for patterns, trends and differences of subjects’ experience with regard to symptoms portrayed, the coping strategies utilized and social support they have, and mental health services available to them. The participants completed questionnaires as well as engaged in the semi-structured interviews to compare and contrast their experiences of depression and its treatment in individualistic societies where people do not seek help because the problem is a personal issue to people of collectivism societies where depression is viewed in the context of relationships. In conclusion, this research is intended to provide information for the improvement and development of other non-western modes of intervention for the mental health care in the global level. The study incorporated interviews with people of different cultures, and thus it helps in providing a broader outlook to depression as well as how to enhance mental health in a culturally dominating world. The study aims to advocate for the use of culturally relevant treatment plans especially in the areas of mental health to improve the quality of the overall solutions offered in the globe.

Exploring the Impact of Marital Satisfaction on Subjective Well-Being among Married Individuals of Pakistan

2025-02-05T20:49:12+02:00

This study looks into the increasing challenge of marital satisfaction and its effects on people's well-being in Pakistan. The main goal is to see how satisfaction within marriage can influence a person’s well-being, especially subjective well-being. Using a cross-sectional approach, this research gathers data from married individuals across cities of Pakistan through validated questionnaires to ensure a wide range of perspectives. The total sample size was 329. The males were 124 and 205 were females, the Mean age was 33.45 with a standard deviation of 9.10. The instruments used for collecting responses were the Couple Satisfaction Index and SPANE (Scale of Positive and Negative Experience) for Subjective Well-Being Scale. By applying correlation, regression, and independent t-test, it identifies significant links between marital satisfaction, subjective well-being, and demographics. The correlation finding shows that a significant relationship exist between marital satisfaction and the dimensions of subjective well-being as a positive correlation was found between marital satisfaction and Positive Experience, but a significant negative correlation was found between marital satisfaction and Negative Experience. Regression analysis shows that marital satisfaction significantly predicts the dimensions of subjective well-being. The t-test analysis showed that there was no gender difference noted in marital satisfaction and positive experience subscale of SPANE but a significant difference in the negative experience subscale was found between the SPANE measures among both genders. These results emphasize the value of nurturing healthy marriages, which can positively impact individuals and communities. With these insights, the study aims to guide future counseling approaches and policies to support and improve marital relationships and overall well-being in Pakistan.

Impact of AI Dependence on Procrastination among University Students

2025-02-05T20:56:15+02:00

This study investigated the impact of AI dependence on procrastination among university students by contributing to the understanding of over reliance on AI and its outcome as procrastination. The sample of the study was comprised of (N=113) university students, aged between 18 and 35 from various academic disciplines and universities Multan. Cross-sectional, quantitative methods were utilized, along with the convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through google forms. A self-structured demographic sheet along with the two scales was used in this study. Dependence on Artificial Intelligence Scale (DAI) (Morales-García et al., 2024), evaluated the extent of dependence that university students exhibit towards artificial intelligence. The Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS) (Tuckman, 1991), measured the level of procrastination among students. Results revealed that AI dependence is positively correlated (r=.241*), and predicts (p=.010*) the procrastination. This overreliance on AI results in higher tendency of procrastination among students. However, no significant difference was found in level of education and area of residence regarding AI dependence and procrastination among university students.

Academic Stress, Self-Esteem and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors among Hostelized Students

2025-02-06T20:48:51+02:00

The aim of this research was to explore the association between academic stress, self-esteem, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among hostelized students. For this study, a sample of N=300 (150 males and 150 females) was chosen using a purposive sampling technique from both public and private hostels in Faisalabad. Prior to responding to three standardized questionnaires, the Academic Stress Scale (ASS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors Scale (INS), the participants filled out demographic form and gave their informed consent. Analysis of the data indicates that NSSI behaviors and academic stress have positive correlation. In contrast, Academic Stress was found to have a negative relationship with Self-Esteem, suggesting that as stress increases, self-esteem tends to decrease. Additionally, the findings revealed that undergraduates report lower self-esteem and engage in NSSI behaviors more frequently than graduate students, highlighting developmental differences in how academic challenges impact mental health. This research emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to reduce academic stress and improve self-esteem among hostelized students to decrease the risk of NSSI.

An Analysis of the Factors Contributing to Stress in Public and Private Sector Students of Pakistan

2025-02-07T14:57:15+02:00

This study aimed at assessing academic stress sources among students from private and government institutions. The sample consisted of 300 participants from schools, colleges, and universities throughout both sectors. The study aimed to investigate the impact of academic stress on adolescents. Another purpose was to assess the researched variable concerning demographics (gender and institutions). A standardized instrument was employed; the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents, developed by Sun, Dunne, Hou, and Xu (2010), consists of 16 items with a 5-point scale. This novel instrument for measuring academic stress can assess the multiple aspects of educational stress, including study pressure, grade anxiety, despondency, self-expectation, and workload. The Cronbach's alpha for the complete 16-item ESSA scale was .81, signifying strong internal consistency. T-tests and ANOVA were conducted on the data using SPSS. T-test analysis revealed a significant difference between students from both sectors for the analyzed variable. ANOVA indicates a substantial difference among pupils at the school, college, and university levels.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Digital Age: Navigating Ethical Marketing and Consumer Expectations

2025-02-07T21:43:00+02:00

This study aims to examine the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the digital age, focusing on how ethical marketing practices and consumer expectations shape CSR strategies in modern businesses. The research explores the evolving landscape of CSR in response to digital advancements and how companies navigate the balance between social responsibility and consumer demands. The qualitative method is employed to collect the data through interviews, surveys, and case studies from various industries including textile, food and tech. The findings reveal that businesses integrating ethical marketing practices within their CSR initiatives are more likely to build stronger brand loyalty, enhance consumer trust, and achieve long-term success. Nevertheless, companies that fail to align their digital marketing strategies with genuine CSR efforts risk facing consumer skepticism and damage to their reputation.

Constructing Inclusive Higher Education: A Grounded Theory Study of Faculty Experiences with Disability Accommodation in Pakistani Universities

2025-02-12T20:17:48+02:00

The present, grounded theory study explored faculty perceptions for fostering the implementation of disability accommodation at Pakistani universities to develop an integrated understanding of the determinants governing inclusive practices in higher education. Qualitative data were analyzed using constant comparative methods using MAXQDA software for data management and were used to collect data through semi-structured interviews with 20 university faculty members (5 each from 4 major universities in Pakistan). As illustrated in the emergent grounded theory model, the complex interplay of knowledge and awareness, challenges, strategies, and attitudinal shifts serve to shape faculty experiences. Such findings highlight the need for support in terms of both institutional avenues and resources and sensitivity training for better faculty practices and development in this area. In conclusion, this study contributes to the scarce literature available on the topic of disability accommodation, particularly from the Pakistan context, with implications that may help promote better equity and accessibility in various educational systems. The importance of the fundamental right to education of persons with disabilities should be convinced by this study, shared by all those stakeholders of higher education in Pakistan who readmit and need to improve practice around access to higher education for disabled students.

The Association of Emotion Regulation Strategies with Psychological and Physical Health among Low-Income Families

2025-02-16T18:02:34+02:00

Background: Due to poverty youths from poor families’ struggle mostly in matters, concerning emotional self-control and this will major in either way affect psychological or physical well-being. There is a need to have better ways to manage stress that well known to have severe impacts on the human being. However, relatively little known about how these strategies affect the wellbeing of disadvantaged adolescents particularly in terms of their mental and physical health. Aim: The study sought to examine the association of emotion regulation strategies with psychological and physical health among adolescents from low-income families. Method: In this cross-sectional descriptive design, 500 adolescents of low-income families were included. Self-reported questionnaires assessed emotion regulation strategies, psychological health and physical health indices. Cross-tabulations along with comparisons and regression tests performed to compare the relations between the variables. Results: Adaptive strategies was positively correlated with psychological health, with r = 0.25, p < 0.01) while poor physical health was significantly predicted by maladaptive strategies with β = -0.146, p = 0.001). Therefore, regression analyses showed that there was significant amount of variance in psychological and physical health indices that was explained by the ER strategies; F (4, 268) = 22.28, p < .001; η² = .258, p < .001. Conclusion: Consequently, the results support the need for developing and advocating for efficient regulation of emotion to improve psychological and physical well-being of students from low-income families. Such findings indicate that enhancing the mechanism in this category of people may help enhance their general quality of life.

The Impact of Online Learning on University Students' Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Academic Stress, Uncertainty Tolerance, and Psychological Wellbeing

2025-02-16T18:35:51+02:00

The purpose of this study was to explore the phenomenon of online learning during COVID-19 academic stress, intolerance of uncertainty and psychological wellbeing among university students. The hypothesis of this study was that there is likely to be a relationship between academic stress, intolerance of uncertainty and psychological well-being among university students and academic stress will negatively predict psychological well-being among university students. The data was collected online from the target sample of university students with an age range of 19 to 25 years using correlational research design with purposive sampling strategy. Scoring sheet of The Perception of Academic Stress Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale and Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale were administered on the sample population to assess the level of academic stress, intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological wellbeing in them. The data was statistically analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23. According to hypothesis, the results of the study showed that there is significant positive correlation between Academic stress, intolerance of uncertainty and Psychological Wellbeing and academic stress predicting psychological wellbeing. Therefore, Teachers, educators, institutional administration, students, and parents will benefit from this research in understanding the current online learning environment and its effects on Pakistani students' education.

Comparison of Perceived Stress Levels among Private and Government Hospital Nurses

2025-02-18T16:07:56+02:00

Introduction: Nurses play a crucial role in healthcare but often encounter stressors that impact both their well-being and the quality of patient care. These stressors range from emotional strain and interpersonal conflicts to heavy workloads and extended hours. The stress range from moderate to severe level among European nurses whereas Asian nurses have higher stress level particularly about 80% nurses in Pakistan experience moderate stress level. Objective: This study aims to explore the stress levels among nurses working in government and private hospitals in Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional design was used to collect data through self-administered questionnaires distributed to registered nurses at various government and private hospitals. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was utilized to identify key stressors affecting nurse’s performance. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were utilized to compare stress levels between nurses in different hospital settings. Results: A total of 149 nurses, 52 from government hospitals and 97 from private hospitals were recruited. Private-sector nurses reported significantly higher stress levels (M = 22.6 ± 3.8) compared to government hospital nurses (M = 19.8 ± 4.2, t = 4.23, p < 0.001). Key stressors included workload pressures (65% in private hospitals) and resource shortages (55% in government hospitals). Male nurses exhibited higher stress levels (M = 21.9 ± 4.1) compared to females (M = 19.6 ± 3.7, t = 2.45, p = 0.015). Age was positively correlated with stress (r = 0.36, p < 0.01), while years of experience showed no significant correlation (r = 0.12, p = 0.14). Conclusion: The study reveals significant differences in stress levels between nurses in government and private hospitals, with workload being a major factor in private hospitals and resource shortages in government hospitals. Gender differences and the impact of age on stress were also observed. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions to improve nurse well-being and enhance patient care quality in Pakistan’s healthcare sector.

Exploring and Understanding the Subjective Experiences of ‘Home’ Feeling Away Students Living In Hostel

2025-02-19T17:59:16+02:00

Aim: This study explores the subjective experiences of students living in hostels and how they conceptualize 'home' away from family residences.

Design: A qualitative, phenomenological design was utilized, employing reflexive thematic analysis.

Methods: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight hostel students selected via purposive sampling. Thematic analysis revealed ten key themes reflecting the social, emotional, and environmental dimensions of hostel living.

Results: Major themes included emotional resilience, social dynamics, personalization efforts, and the psychological challenges of adjusting to hostel life. The findings emphasized the interplay between social bonds, cultural adaptation, and emotional well-being.

Conclusion: Hostel life fosters personal growth and social development but is marked by challenges in creating a sense of 'home.' Future interventions should focus on enhancing environmental and emotional support to improve students' well-being.

Forgiveness and Optimism, As a Predictor of Happiness, Life Satisfaction, and Prosocial Behavior among Bank Employees

2025-02-21T05:39:28+02:00

The research study intended to investigate the notable contribution of forgiveness and optimism in happiness, life satisfaction, and prosocial behaviors of bank employees in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. The study incorporates a total sample size of 300 bank employees, all of whom have been consistent employees for at least six months. Demographic variables, age, gender, and education were also involved in the analysis. Data were gathered using a systematic questionnaire and evaluated using SPSS (Statistical Procedure for Social Sciences). The study explores the relationships between forgiveness, and optimism, and their impacts on life satisfaction, happiness, and prosocial behavior. The findings demonstrate significant positive associations between forgiveness and optimism with its dependent variables (life satisfaction, happiness, and prosocial behavior). Furthermore, a t-test was conducted to analyze differences in forgiveness and optimism levels between men and women and age groups. The result shows that women have a higher score on forgiveness and optimism than men and elderly adults have high levels of forgiveness and optimism. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was implemented to approach the distinct contributions of forgiveness and optimism to the prediction of life satisfaction, happiness, and prosocial behavior. The study's outcomes showed that forgiveness and optimism significantly predicted higher life satisfaction, happiness, and prosocial behavior among bank employees. These results show the necessity of encouraging forgiveness and optimism in promoting these outcomes among bank employees.

Molecular and Psychological Determinants of Post-Surgical Recovery: Integrating Genetic, Biochemical, and Psychological Factors

2025-02-22T20:56:18+02:00

Background: This involves a complex interaction of molecular, biochemical, and psychological factors for post-surgical recovery. It examines the relative contributions of genetic polymorphisms, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and psychological resilience to determining surgical outcomes. Methods: 120 postoperative patients were analyzed for genetic variations: IL-6 -174G>C and TNF-α rs1800629 (G>A); inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-α, CRP; oxidative stress parameters MDA, SOD, GPx; and psychological status as indicated by the scores of HADS and CD-RISC. The pain intensity, healing time, and recovery in function were evaluated at the 30th postoperative day. Results: Patients with pro-inflammatory genetic polymorphisms showed higher IL-6 levels at 12.4 ± 2.3 pg/mL (p = 0.002) and delayed wound healing at 14.2 ± 3.5 days compared with 9.6 ± 2.8 days (p = 0.003). Oxidative stress markers expressed as MDA level were elevated at 3.6 ± 0.8 nmol/mL (p = 0.006) in patients who had high preoperative anxiety. Patients with psychological resilience had CD-RISC values >70, which translated to faster recovery at 8.9 ± 2.4 days (p = 0.005) and lower pain scores. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the interconnected role of genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors in recovery from surgery. A multidisciplinary approach including genetic screening, anti-inflammatory strategies, and psychological interventions can be beneficial for post-surgical outcomes. Personalized treatment programs should be developed to offer optimal care for the patient.

The Impact of Parental Migration on the Emotional Development of Left Behind Children in Rural Pakistan

2025-03-03T13:45:38+02:00

Background: Parental migration has become a widespread phenomenon globally, with many children left behind in their home countries. While migration often improves the financial situation of families, it can adversely affect the emotional and behavioral development of children. Previous studies have indicated that children left behind by migrant parents face increased challenges in their social and emotional well-being, but research focusing on rural areas, particularly in Pakistan, is limited.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of parental migration on the emotional development of left-behind children in rural Pakistan, with a focus on emotional stability, social interaction, behavioral adjustment, and academic performance.

Method: This study utilized a cross-sectional design and surveyed 300 children aged 11-19 from Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, and Peshawar. Participants were divided into two groups: left-behind children (n=150) and non-left-behind children (n=150). The Parental Migration Questionnaire (PMQ) and the Behavior Problems Index (BPI) were used to assess the children's emotional and behavioral outcomes. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and correlation analysis, were performed to determine the significance of the results.

Results: The findings revealed that left-behind children exhibited significantly poorer emotional stability, social interaction, behavioral adjustment, and academic performance compared to their non-left-behind counterparts (p<0.01). A strong positive correlation was found between parental migration and behavioral problems (r = 0.91, p < 0.01).

Conclusion: The study concluded that parental migration has a detrimental effect on the emotional development of left-behind children, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support for these children to mitigate the negative outcomes associated with parental absence.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Empathy in Reducing Prejudice

2025-03-03T13:49:54+02:00

Prejudice is a widespread problem that fuels social inequality, discrimination, and conflict, especially in culturally diverse regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. This study explores how emotional intelligence (EI) and empathy can help reduce prejudice among urban and rural populations in KP. EI, which involves recognizing and managing one’s emotions, and empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, are essential psychological tools in combating biases and promoting social harmony. The study gathered data from 300 participants, split equally between urban and rural areas, using reliable scales to measure EI, empathy, and prejudice. The findings revealed that higher levels of both EI and empathy were strongly linked to lower levels of prejudice. Urban participants showed higher emotional intelligence and empathy than those from rural areas. Empathy, in particular, was found to play a key role in mediating the relationship between EI and prejudice, emphasizing its importance in promoting inclusivity. These results highlight the need for targeted interventions aimed at boosting emotional intelligence and empathy, particularly in rural areas, to reduce prejudice. The study adds to our understanding of how psychological factors can bridge social divides and foster greater harmony in diverse communities.

Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Stigma and Mental Health Among People with Substance Use Disorder

2025-03-03T13:52:58+02:00

This study aims to find out the relationship between self stigma and mental health outcomes (depression and anxiety) among substance use disorder (SUD) people in Peshawar, Pakistan. The purpose was to examine how self stigma influences psychological well being and to investigate a mediating role of social support. A total of 150 participants receiving treatment at public and private rehabilitation centers were surveyed using validated self-report instruments: Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSSHS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The analyses indicate that there is significant positive correlation between depression and anxiety with self stigmatization. Additionally, social support was causally related to the effects self stigma has on mental health outcomes, in a way that partially mediates this relationship, lending partial support to the buffering hypothesis. The results highlight the importance of self stigma and social support in contributing to mental health outcomes of SUD and reduce psychological distress of stigma. The paper makes the point that stigmatization reduction interventions and strong social systems of support need to be built in the rehabilitation programs especially in the culture where addiction is highly stigmatized. Future research should also examine these relationships longitudinally and examine cultural variation in self stigma and recovery processes.

The Relationship between Functional Motor Competence and Students' Interest in Learning Wushu Short Weapons Courses in Higher Learning Institutions in China: Coach Support as a Mediator

2025-03-03T13:56:40+02:00

This research analyzes the complex relationship between functional motor skill and student engagement in Wushu short weapons courses in Chinese higher education institutions, emphasizing the mediating influence of coach assistance. This study, based on the theoretical frameworks of embodied cognition and self-determination theory, examines the influence of motor proficiency on intrinsic motivation, cognitive persistence, and prolonged interest in martial arts instruction. The interdependent link between physical ability and educational support is examined via a detailed investigation of coaching assistance, which serves as both a catalyst and a medium for enhancing students' emotional and intellectual engagement. This research utilizes a rigorous methodological framework to provide significant insights into the educational dynamics that support conventional martial arts instruction amidst changing educational paradigms. The results enhance the discussion on motor skill development, motivation theory, and the educational requirements essential for fostering sustained involvement in Wushu training.

The Influence of Tawakul on Sports Motivation: A Correlational Study of Spirituality in Competitive Sports

2025-03-03T13:58:49+02:00

This study explores the relationship between “Tawakul” a deep, trusting reliance on the “Divine” and sports motivation among athletes. Using a correlational design, we surveyed a diverse group of athletes with well-established measures of both Tawakul and sports motivation. Our analysis reveals that athletes with higher levels of Tawakul tend to show greater motivation and commitment in their sports activities. These findings suggest that a strong sense of spiritual trust may boost an athlete’s inner drive and resilience. The results have practical implications for coaches and sports psychologists, highlighting the potential benefits of integrating spiritual support into training programs. This research contributes to a growing body of literature that connects spiritual beliefs with enhanced performance in competitive sports.

TechTreat Revolutionizing CBT for Chronic Anxiety in Adolescents through Digital Therapeutic Interventions

2025-03-04T20:24:24+02:00

Background: The mental health of the youth these days is increasingly worrisome due to high levels of anxiety. Because of this, new, easier to access treatment strategies are required. Digital cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treats patients with AI-powered mobile applications, making it a great substitute for face-to-face therapy. Aim: This study seeks to measure the changes in anxiety symptoms of adolescents with chronic anxiety after applying the TechTREAT intervention, which was developed specifically for this study, in comparison with the traditional in-person CBT therapy. Method: A mixed method study was conducted among 150 adolescents suffering from chronic anxiety. It was divided into two groups: the experimental group received Woebot-based intervention while the control group received traditional CBT. Self-reported anxiety scores were collected before treatment, during week 6, and after week 8 after the treatment. Levels of anxiety during the treatment were measured with standardized instruments that were paired and t-test tested. Results: The experimental group showed a more pronounced decrease in anxiety than the control group; Woebot users were more engaged and were better at symptom self-management. Improved outcomes were facilitated by AI-enabled guidance during exposure exercises, augmented mood monitoring, and feedback tailoring – justifying the use of digital CBT. Conclusion: TechTREAT is proven to lower anxiety for adolescents as well as being an easily adopted and flexible method to implement into a healthcare system which would improve healthcare and therapeutic results.

Modern Family Dynamics; How Millennials and Gen Z Are Shaping New Relationship Norms

2025-03-04T20:48:11+02:00

This study aimed to examine the evolving family dynamics and relationship norms among Millennials and Gen Z, focusing on how digital communication, economic factors, and shifting societal values influenced these changes. Existing research, including studies by Twenge et al. (2021) and the Pew Research Center (2023), indicated a decline in traditional family structures and a rise in flexible living arrangements. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from Millennials and Gen Z participants through surveys and interviews, and analyzed using statistical and thematic analysis. Findings revealed that Millennials largely adhered to nuclear family structures and traditional parenting roles, whereas Gen Z preferred multigenerational households, cohabitation, and non-traditional parenting. Digital communication played a critical role in maintaining family relationships, and work-life balance was prioritized by Gen Z. The study contributed to family sociology and psychology by emphasizing the growing influence of technology on relationship norms. Policy recommendations included adjustments to workplace flexibility, urban housing policies, and parental leave structures. However, the study was limited by social desirability bias and the lack of longitudinal data, restricting its ability to track long-term generational shifts. Future research should explore these trends over extended periods and incorporate diverse cultural contexts to understand global variations in modern family dynamics. This study provided theoretical and practical insights into the evolving nature of family relationships, highlighting the need for institutional adaptation to accommodate changing generational expectations.

Legal Reforms for Prevention of Custodial Torture in Pakistan

2025-03-05T18:45:07+02:00

Custodial torture is an evil which is world-wide phenomenon. The custodial torture is also under limelight of basic fundamental rights envisages in constitution. Torture is used to extract evidence from the accused persons which is violation of basic rights like right to life, dignity. Custodial torture might be in police custody or in judicial custody. This research is to identify that how systematic torture carried out by law enforcements agencies under the shadow of investigation and what kind of legal reforms are necessary to prevent custodial torture and humiliating behaviors for the accuse persons. The qualitative methods will be adopted for purpose of collecting data. This research will provide help to legislature to sort out issues regarding torture.

Impact of Perceived Parenting Styles on Social Anxiety among University Students: Mediating Role of Cognitive Styles

2025-03-05T18:48:15+02:00

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of perceived parenting styles on social anxiety, and to find out the mediating role of cognitive styles on perceived parenting styles and social anxiety.

Methodology: Correlational (cross-sectional) research approach was selected to determine the effect of demographics on social anxiety in university students. Four private and four public universities in Islamabad were selected as locale from where the data was collected. The screened sample size was 536 which included 256 males and 280 females, and convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample. The instruments used for the current study were General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 1988), The Perceived Parenting Style Scale (Divya & Manikandan, 2013), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN, Connor et al., 2000) and Cognitive Style Indicator (Cools & Broeck, 2007).

Findings: The results of the analysis showed that authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had a significant positive relationship with social anxiety; whereas, authoritative parenting style had a significant negative relationship with social anxiety. However, social anxiety was found to be non-significantly associated with cognitive styles among university students. Moreover, perceived parenting styles were found to be the significant predictor of social anxiety. Whereas, cognitive styles (knowing, planning and creating) were found to be the non-significant mediators between perceived parenting styles and social anxiety.

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research has the potential to make a meaningful impact on the well-being and success of university students, which would be helpful in reducing the social anxiety among students.

Role of Indian Judiciary in Ensuring Good Governance: A Comparative Analysis of South Asian Countries

2025-03-05T18:51:01+02:00

Good governance is a primary principal for the rule of law in any democratic society. Good governance constitutes fairness, accountability and transparency in the functioning of the different institutions of the government. Political and social stability of any state totally depends on its governance. There are many governance challenges all over the world and specifically in the South Asian countries such as corruption, political interference, lack of accountability, abuse of merit policy and mismanagement by the government officials. Judiciary plays an important role in promoting and maintaining good governance in any country. Being an important organ of a government, judiciary takes full responsibility to provide basic and fundamental rights to the citizens. In South Asian countries where judiciary faces many challenges to uphold its position as the guardian and custodian of the constitutional and fundamental rights, Indian judiciary has established many precedents for ensuring good governance mechanism in the country. This study investigates the role of the judiciary in South Asia in respect of promoting good governance with special attention to India and comparative analysis from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. It is found that the judiciary shall perform its duties without any pressure, partiality and biasness to promote good governance. Judicial Activism can be used as a successful tool for governance reforms.

Workplace Bullying and Burnout among Bankers: Resilience as a Mediator

2025-03-07T18:17:02+02:00

The banking industry, characterized by a high-pressure work environment and competitive standards, is increasingly witnessing issues of workplace bullying and burnout. This study aimed to investigate the mediatory function of resilience in the relationship between workplace bullying and burnout amid bank employees in Pakistan. A sample of 275 bank employees, comprising 139 males and 136 females, was selected through purposive sampling from banks in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The results revealed a sufficient positive linkage between workplace bullying and burnout, indicating that higher levels of bullying lead to increased burnout. Furthermore, resilience was found to mediate this relationship, serving as a protective factor that mitigates the effects of workplace bullying on burnout. Notably, married bank employees exhibited higher levels of resilience compared to their unmarried counterparts. However, no significant differences in burnout were observed between male and female employees. These findings highlight the critical role of resilience in reducing the adverse impacts of workplace bullying, suggesting that fostering resilience in employees can be a valuable strategy to counteract burnout in high-stress sectors like banking.

Neural Trauma and Gendered Oppression in Toni Morrison’s Beloved: A Neurofeminist Analysis of Memory, Cognition and Agency in Enslaved Women

2025-03-10T03:06:47+02:00

This study aims to investigate the convergence of neural trauma, gendered oppression and memory in Toni Morrison’s Beloved through the perspective of neurofeminism. Bridging feminist critiques of neuroscience with trauma theory, the research assesses the cognitive and psychological effects of slavery on enslaved women, specifically Sethe and Denver in Beloved. This research analyzes the novel’s nonlinear narrative structure and the characters’ psychological struggles in light of the traumatic neurological mechanisms, such as memory fragmentation, dissociation, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It also asks how gendered oppression exacerbates neural trauma, hindering agency and entrenching systemic violence against Black women. The idea of neuroplasticity is also touched on, with the interpersonal aspects of cognitive resilience and emotional repair developed into a model of communal storytelling and kinship. At the same time, this interrogation — through the lens of neurofeminism — reconsiders the often cognitive-centric neuroscientific paradigms that, at times, beyond the bounds of historical context, have acted as if trauma could be understood independent of the sociopolitical context in which its constituents developed. This study concludes that Morrison’s Beloved is a great literary meditation on the neurological traumas of enslavement and the agony toward selfhood and healing.

The Relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Death Anxiety among Muslims

2025-03-13T12:10:11+02:00

The present research determined the relationship between Spiritual well-being and death anxiety among adults who were Muslims. The participants are selected through convenience sampling with a total of 200 Muslims, aged 18-38 years. The data were collected through standardized questionnaires including the demographic information, Spiritual Well-being scale and the Death anxiety scale. Statistical analyses, including correlation, frequency distribution, regression, and descriptive analysis, were conducted using IBM SPSS 21. The finding indicated a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and death anxiety (r = -0.230, p < 0.01), suggesting that individuals with higher spiritual well-being experience lower death anxiety. Regression analysis further confirm that spirituality is a strong predictor of reduced death anxiety, with factors such as age, marital status also contributing to variation in anxiety levels. These results highlight the protective role of Spirituality in managing existential distress and death anxiety. Spiritual well-being should be integrated into clinical and Psychological interventions to support mental health among Muslim adults.

Multifaceted Exploration of Emotional Intelligence, Self-confidence and Academic Achievement among Female students in Co-educational Institutes of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan

2025-03-13T12:15:46+02:00

Emotional intelligence and self-confidence are indispensable factors of individual growth, personality development and resilience in the face of challenges. This study explores the impact of educational setup on self-confidence among college girls, comparing uni-sex and co-educational colleges. The researchers employed a cross-sectional exploratory design to examine the level of self-confidence among college girls in uni-sex and co-educational systems, seeking to determine the influence of the educational setup on students' perceptions. Data were collected from 200 participants from two colleges, one uni-sex and one co-educational, using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The data were then analyzed using descriptive, univeriate, and bivariate statistics to uncover insights into the relationship between educational setup and self-confidence. The study's findings indicate that both uni-sex and co-educational systems significantly impact girls' self-confidence and academic achievement. Notably, the co-educational system fostered higher self-esteem among girls compared to the uni-sex college system. Self-confidence levels were influenced by factors such as age, family income, and living areas. The research highlights the need for targeted interventions, particularly in uni-sex colleges, to develop nurturing programs promoting self-esteem, emotional resilience, and leadership, and emphasizes the importance of specialized initiatives catering to students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds.

University Supervisors as Change Agents: The Role of Innovative Capabilities in Enhancing Institutional Performance

2025-03-15T02:08:02+02:00

Supervisors innovative capabilities refer to their ability to generate adopt and implement new ideas, processes or solution that improves organizational outcomes. Supervisors’ performance encompasses their effectiveness in achieving organizational goals managing teams and maintaining operational efficiency. The current research aims 1) To measure the innovative capabilities of supervisors at the university level.2) To assess performance of supervisors at the university level. There are 12 publics and 6 private universities of Rawalpindi & Islamabad. The present investigation employed a quantitative research methodology. 358 supervisors from the social sciences departments of public and private institutions in Rawalpindi and Islamabad made up the study's population. For the sample selection, a total of 18 public and private universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad were chosen. A 20% representative sample was used for the final investigation. 186 samples were chosen from a total of 358 students in the social sciences departments of both public and private universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad using a basic random selection procedure. A self-made questionnaire was created in order to accomplish these goals, and it was distributed to supervisors in the social sciences departments of both public and private institutions in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation statistical techniques were employed in the processing and analysis of the data using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The study's findings revealed a moderate to significant positive association between supervisory performance and inventive capacities, with a correlation coefficient of 0.579. This implies that supervisors' performance rises in tandem with their capacity for innovation. This suggests that the association is reliable and that the correlation is statistically significant. Supervisors should thus concentrate on encouraging a creative culture, enhancing the inorporation of new technologies, encouraging ongoing professional growth, and utilizing data-driven decision-making. An important area of study in education is the connection between supervisors' performance and their capacity for innovation. Therefore, based on the data gathered, it was determined that the majority of respondents strongly agreed with the statement regarding inventive capabilities.

Dark Triad Traits and Peer Influence on Mental Well-Being among University Students

2025-03-15T10:01:54+02:00

The present study examines the relationship between the dark triad traits and peer influence on mental well-being among university students. A purposive sampling technique will be used, and data will be collected from different universities the sample (N=300) comprised of students (male and female) with an age range of 20-30 i.e. 20-25 years (young adults) and 26-30 years (middle age) WHO, 2018 in Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan. The variable would be marked through Measures of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) by Jonason, 2010, Peer Pressure Questionnaires (PPQ) by Sunil, et al., 2016 and Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) by Tennant, et al., 2007 were used to access the study variables. The results show a negative relationship between dark triad traits with the mental well-being of university students and a positive relationship between peer influence and the mental well-being of university students. The data will be analyzed by using a statistical package for social sciences IBM SPSS.

Across Culture Adaptation of Santa Clara Religious Belief Scale in Urdu: Religious Belief as a Predictor of Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction during Covid-19 in Pakistan

2025-03-17T13:36:58+02:00

The current study acquired and conducted after extensively studying these variables with the help of literature these hypotheses were formulated to examine in the current study, it was hypothesized that (a) There would be a relationship between religious belief, life satisfaction and psychological wellbeing among Muslim and NON-Muslim group during Covid 19 pandemic. (b) There would be a difference between gender on the basis of religious belief life satisfaction and wellbeing during Covid 19 pandemic (c) on average, people high on religious belief will have better wellbeing and life satisfaction as compare to the people with low religious belief during Covid 19 pandemic. Data was collected through random sampling from 210 participants 115 were males and 95 were female. Participants were between the age range of 16 to 60 with the education level of metric or above. Santa Clara strength of religious faith Questionnaire (Larkey., 1996) for religious belief, satisfaction with life scale (schutte et al., 1998) for life satisfaction and Warwick-Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) (Tennant, R., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Stewart-Brown, S, 2006) for wellbeing has been used to measure. along with demographic form. Data was collected through online Google form and have analyzed through Pearson product moment correlation, Independent sample t-test and regression. The findings of the study show weak significant (P<0.01) relationship between religious belief, life satisfaction and wellbeing with that male scored higher on religious belief and wellbeing as compare to female but both scored similar on life satisfaction with that findings also showed that religious belief is a predictor of better life satisfaction and wellbeing (P<0.05). This study concluded that religious beliefs do influence individual and their psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction. Limitation and implication of the study has been discussed.

Interpersonal Dynamics in Chronic Pain: The Importance of Partner Behaviors and Interactions in Pain Management

2025-03-23T12:41:15+02:00

Chronic pain is a complex condition influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, with interpersonal dynamics playing a crucial role in pain management. This quantitative study examines the impact of partner behaviors and interactions on pain perception and coping strategies in individuals with chronic pain. A sample of 100 participants with diagnosed chronic pain conditions completed validated questionnaires assessing partner support, pain intensity, emotional well-being, and coping mechanisms. The selected sample was the registered patient in hospitals of Lahore. Statistical analyses revealed that supportive partner behaviors, such as empathy and active problem-solving, were significantly associated with lower pain intensity and improved psychological resilience. Conversely, negative partner responses, including invalidation and excessive solicitousness, correlated with increased pain severity and emotional distress. These findings highlight the importance of partner involvement in chronic pain management and suggest that interventions targeting interpersonal dynamics may enhance treatment outcomes.