Research Journal of Psychology

Development and Construct Validation of Service-Learning Civic Competency Scale in Pakistani Context

Dr. Iqbal Ahmad — 2025-04-02

One of the major aims of education is to prepare civically active and responsible citizens for future societies. Service-learning has always been instrumental to achieve this goal. Several instruments have been developed and used to measure service-learning outcomes all over the world. However, the absence of a valid instrument has always made it difficult for educators and management to measure contributions of service-learning for civic competencies of students in Pakistani context. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument for measuring civic competencies of students as a result of participating in service-learning activity. The instrument was developed based on literature review on civic competencies and service-learning. The theoretical foundation for the development of the civic competency scale was derived from the works of Lambright and Lu (2010). An instrument consisting of 21 items was constructed to measure the four domains of civic competencies among students such as civic knowledge, civic skills, civic commitment and civic values. Data were collected from 314 students from 3 private colleges in district Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan who participated in a service-learning activity as part of their academic course. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided strong evidences regarding reliability and validity of the newly constructed scale. It is concluded that SLCCS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring civic competencies of students participating in service-learning. It is suggested that the instrument may be used retested in other contexts for further validation proofs.

Perceived Role of Career Counseling in Early Education: A Study of Elementary School Teachers

Dr. Sidra Kiran — 2025-04-02

This quantitative study aims to Perceived Role of Career Counseling in Early Education: A Study of Elementary School Teachers, with the intention of influencing elementary school policy and practice. Career counseling is regarded as a very important element for students. Teachers' perceptions of the need for career counseling services at the elementary school level are examined in this study, with a focus on the link between their opinions and their perceptions. Two primary goals serve as the foundation for this study: 1) to examine the perception of teachers towards the current status of career counseling services at elementary level and 2), to identify the perception of teachers towards the need of career counseling services at elementary level .Quantitative research design used in the present study. 378 elementary public school teachers and 44 public school were overall population of the study at sector Nilore Islamabad. Target population was 180 elementary public school teachers. Sample of the pilot study was 21 elementary public school teachers from 6 public elementary school. Final study of sample was 123 elementary public school teachers from 35 public elementary schools at sector Nilore Islamabad were selected. Simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample from public elementary schools. Questionnaire was developed and distributed among teachers in order to collect data. According to 87.0% of respondents, a significant percentage believe that career counselling services are crucial for supporting and improving academic achievement for both boys and girls. The broad belief that career advice is crucial for fostering students' future success is demonstrated by the 84.3% of respondents who agreed. There is broad agreement on the importance of career counselling, as seen by the 83.6% of respondents who agreed. 74.7% shows that there is broad agreement about the need of offering counselling services tailored to a student's gender in order to better meet their unique needs for career development. According to 72.6% of respondents (Agree + Strongly Agree), career counselling programs are essential in reducing elementary school pupils' likelihood of committing crimes. Very few people answered 1.4 percent (2 individuals) strongly disagree. According to 2.1% (3 respondents), there is minimal opposition to the idea that career coaching aids students in overcoming their challenges. The results showed that although teachers acknowledge the value of career counselling in promoting students' growth and directing their future goals, many of them claim a dearth of official programs and inadequate training. Their views of the need for improved counseling services are influenced by this disparity. The study comes to the conclusion that in order to effectively assist students in their career exploration, career counseling has to be improved via focused professional development and resource allocation. To build a supportive atmosphere for professional development in primary school, recommendations include putting in place training programs for teachers, setting up organized counseling services, and encouraging community involvement.

Antecedents to Online Purchase Intention: Moderating Role of Persuasion Knowledge

Tariq Jalees — 2025-04-03

E-commerce has experienced significant growth over the past few years. Its size in 2023 was approximately $6.54 trillion, which is expected to surpass $12 trillion by 2030. Given its importance, we examined the impact of credibility, parasocial relationships, and self-disclosure on online purchase intention. We also examined the moderating role of persuasion knowledge on the relationship between parasocial relationship and online purchase intention. Using online social media, we collected a sample of 417. The study documents that “credibility, parasocial relationships, and self-disclosure” have a positive effect on online purchase intention. It also found that persuasion knowledge moderates the relationship between parasocial relationship and online purchase intention. Given its importance, we suggest the online vendors must recruit credible online spokespersons who have large followings.

Self-Perception and Educational Experiences of Visually Impaired Students in Research Programs: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Dr. Tahira Batool Bokhari — 2025-04-06

This study aims to understand how visually impaired students in a Pakistani university make meaning of their identities and educational experiences. By using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), rich, descriptive data on five visually impaired doctoral candidates’ perceptions, coping strategies and challenges encountered within the academic environment was obtained using semi-structured interviews. The data analysis yielded the following three superordinate themes: (1) negotiating an academic identity in world of sight, (2) managing institutional barriers and support systems, and (3) developing resilience and adaptive strategies. Participants were found to be unable to remain stable or unchanging in relation to the educational institutions to which they are attached. Rather, a complex between personal agency, social interactions, and institutional factors occurs, in which participants actively reconstruct their academic identities. The study concludes that more inclusive educational policies, adaptive technologies, and support services are required in higher education institutions. This paper contributes to the limited literature on visually impaired students in the research degree programs, particularly in the Pakistani context, and informs on how practices of higher education can be inclusive to all.

Attitude of Gratitude, Happiness and Life Satisfaction among College Students: Empirical Evidences from District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Inam — 2025-04-06

Detrimental factors, such as trauma, stress, social isolation, and negative relationships, disrupt psycho-social well-being, cognitive health and contribute to psychopathology. Developments during recent decades in positive psychology have marked a significant shift in focus, from solely addressing cerebral disorder to actively promoting mental well-being. This paradigm shift has led researchers to identify and maximize factors that contribute to overall well-being, such as gratitude, resilience, and positive relationships. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between attitude of gratitude (AOG), happiness, and life satisfaction (LS) among college students. A total of 300 college students (150 males, 150 females) were randomly selected to participate. A correlational research design was employed to examine the relationships between the variables, using the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The results revealed a strong positive correlation between AOG and happiness, as well as between happiness and LS. These findings suggest that cultivating a positive attitude of gratitude is essential for enhancing happiness, which in turn promotes life satisfaction. The study's results have implications for the development of interventions aimed at fostering gratitude and promoting overall well-being and life satisfaction among college students.

In-Service Training and Its Effect on the Implementation of Play-Based Learning in ECE Classrooms

Dr. Kiran Akhtar — 2025-04-07

Learning occurs swiftly, particularly in the first few years of life. ECE programs formalize the development of core concepts, abilities, and attitudes that lay the groundwork for school readiness. Training is the most efficient approach for giving in-service trainers with knowledge and thinking and preparing them for their performance profession. Early Childhood Education level is beneficial to children's balanced Social, Mental, Physical, and Cognitive development. Given the importance and effectiveness of ECE, all governments prioritize ECE level programs. In-service training is essential for in-service teachers to deal with new challenges and advancements in the educational field. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of in-service teacher training on teacher performance at the ECE level, as well as the implementation of in-service teacher training programs in Tehsil Chakwal. The study concentrated on in-service instructors and ECE students. The key goals of the study were to look into the impact of teacher performance and the implementation program in Tehsil Chakwal. The study's population includes all early childhood educators from Tehsil Chakwal's government schools, that is 322. To gather samples from ECEs in Tehsil Chakwal, basic random sampling was used, utilizing a questionnaire as a tool instrument. The equipment was self-designed to meet the research requirements. As a sample, 175 ECEs from government schools were selected. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Social Sciences founded a descriptive technique. To calculate percentages and regressions, SPSS was used. The study revealed that trained teachers have better rapport with children as compared to untrained teachers. Trained teachers are more satisfied than untrained teachers. ECE training has improved teachers’ performances and the enrollment of children. Moreover, It contributes to the reduction of dropouts and repeaters at the ECE level.

Bridging Leadership and Performance: The Mediating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Ethical and Organizational Contexts

Sohaib Uz Zaman — 2025-04-12

This study investigates how ethical leadership and organizational leadership impact firm performance through the mediating role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the context of developing economies. The motivation stems from the increasing demand for socially responsible business practices and the theoretical gap in understanding how different leadership styles jointly influence financial and non-financial outcomes via CSR. A quantitative, Structural Equation Modeling using SmartPLS 4.0 was applied to test the relationships among constructs. Measurement validity and model fit were verified through Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, AVE, and bootstrapping techniques. Ethical leadership (β = 0.40) and organizational leadership (β = 0.46) significantly influence CSR. CSR, in turn, strongly predicts financial performance (β = 0.71) and non-financial performance (β = 0.66). The study confirms CSR as a full mediator in the leadership–performance linkage, supporting stakeholder and social learning theories. This research offers a novel integrative framework linking ethical and organizational leadership to CSR and dual performance metrics. It provides empirical validation from an emerging market and contributes to leadership, CSR, and sustainability literature. Future studies should explore longitudinal impacts and cross-industry variations.

The Role of Functional Foods in Chronic Disease Prevention: A Clinical Trial Investigating Nutritional Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes Management

Muhammad Sajjad — 2025-04-13

Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is a metabolic disease due to insulin resistance associated with chronic inflammation. While pharmacological treatment remains primary, functional foods rich in bioactive substances such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and fiber show promise for improving glycemic control and metabolic health

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the supplementation of functional foods on glycemic control, lipid metabolism, inflammatory markers, gut microbiota, and body composition among people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)

Methodology: 150 participants completed a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention. The participants contained functional foods in the intervention group while the placebo was comprised of a biologically inactive substitute. Assessment of key metabolic parameters was done before and after the intervention.

Results: The intervention showed significant improvements in fasting blood glucose (168.4 ± 25.7 mg/dL to 144.2 ± 19.5 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and HbA1c (8.3% ± 0.6% to 7.4% ± 0.5%, p < 0.001). The lipid profiles and inflammatory markers also improved (p < 0.05). While there was a decrease in body fat percentage, there was a favorable structural shift in gut microbiota.

Conclusion: It has been seen that functional foods play a key role in metabolic health improvements in T2DM patients, thus creating support for their use as an effective non-pharmacological approach to diabetes management. Future studies should aim to determine the long-term efficacy and applicability of individualized applications.

Effect of Protective Psychological Factors on Life Satisfaction among Acne Patients

Saba Bibi — 2025-04-13

The present study examines the effect of protective psychological factors on life satisfaction among acne patients. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey research design. Participants comprised acne patients (N = 300) that include both male patients (n = 150, 50%) and female patients (n = 150, 50%) from different hospitals, clinics, colleges, and universities of Hazara Division. Data were collected by using a purposive sampling technique. Four standardized instruments with good psychometric properties and reliability were used to measure protective psychological factors (optimism, positive efficacy expectancies, self-compassion) and life satisfaction. Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post‒hoc analysis are applied to analyze data. The findings of the study revealed that protective psychological factors positively predicted life satisfaction. Findings also revealed demographic differences on study variables. The study is an important addition to the existing body of knowledge. The results of the study will be a good reference for clinicians to understand the situation of acne patients and help them accordingly.

Relationship between Family Functioning and Adolescent Depression: A Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Peer Relationships

Iqra — 2025-04-13

The purpose of this research analysis was to investigate adolescent depression connections to family functioning along with investigating how self-esteem and peer relationship influence these relationships. A data collection process was done from equal numbers of male and female adolescents. The research data collection took place in schools and colleges of Pakistan's 4th and 9th populous cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The Family APGAR index controls family functioning while the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Peer relationship scale for children and adolescent and 11 items Kutcher adolescent depression scale (KADS-11) are the data collection instruments applied to the chosen sample. This study followed a quantitative and correlational pattern so convenience sampling techniques were appropriate. The study results revealed minimal relationship between family functioning and adolescent depression. The evaluation showed self-esteem created a powerful indirect association between family functioning and adolescent depression ratings. The research results demonstrate that self-esteem serves as a partial mediator which links peer relationships to adolescent depression. The study results demonstrate how family interactions matter while self-esteem combined with peer emotional backing determines adolescent mental health status.

Antibiotic Resistance: A Looming Threat to Public Health

Muhammad Shahbaz Khan — 2025-04-14

All types of countries suffer from increasing global health challenges, but developing countries like Pakistan suffer the most. This is attributed to the abuse of antibiotics and lack of diagnostic stewardship. This study is aimed at revealing the prevalence and patterns of antibiotic resistance among commonly isolated bacterial pathogens from patients admitted at two major hospitals: Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, and District Headquarters Hospital, LodhranThe total number of clinical samples, which include urine, blood, wound swabs, and sputum, come to about 250. The samples have been gathered and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility tests for the isolates were performed as per the standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most commonly isolated organisms. Resistance rates were high, especially with widely used antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. With the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, treatment options are further complicated. A low percentage of resistance for meropenem indicates this drug is a potential last resort. The study calls for urgent antimicrobial stewardship, routine culture and sensitivity testing, and stringent infection control measures. Such intervention would save existing treatments from further devaluation by an ascending trend of bacterial antibiotic resistance that would eventually lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and health-related costs.

Workplace Harassment in Pakistan: Implications for Workers across the Gender

Tanina Shafique — 2025-04-15

Workplace harassment has been significantly debated across the academic and non-academic circles. However, limited empirical evidences are available on how workplace harassment has different psychological implications for employees across the genders. This study is an attempt to investigate how women and men are psychologically affected differently by facing workplace harassment. Empiricist epistemology guided the methodological application of the study. Data for this study come through structured questionnaire mainly asking the participants about their experiences with the workplace harassment. Using a systematic random sampling method, data were collected from 120 employees (women and men) who were working in different industries. Participant’s experiences with verbal, physical, and psychological forms of harassment were assessed and its impact on the mental health of women and men was examined. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings of the study revealed the prevalence of workplace harassment with different psychological impacts, such as anxiety, stress, and depression among women and men employees. This study suggests gender-equal anti-harassment legislation that can have identical applications for the employee’s (women and men) well-being.

Problematic Smartphone Usage and Quality of Life among Adults

Ahmad Hassan Naeem — 2025-04-17

Objective: The objective of the study is assessing the addiction or use of smartphone. It is a major problem for students and others that effect daily life activities. The research assesses to check the influence of the smartphone addiction and daily life effect in general population in the last decade the use of smartphone is higher than other activates of the student, the uses of smartphone regarding the educational perspective, religious perspective and other activates like social media, games and use of different communication apps.

Subjects and Methods: The data collection based on the online sample survey (Google Form) from the students and general public in Punjab province, Pakistan. We used previously developed and validated questionnaires to elicit information on the extent and pattern of smartphone use and perceived quality of life.

Results: About 74% of participants were student and 30% were general population; there were 56% females while 44% males of respondents. The mean perceived smartphone addiction scale (SAS) and quality of life (QOL) scores in each of the four domains by demographic characteristics. The mean QOL scores for physical health and psychological health were significantly lower -0.1438 among the youngest age group (18-24 years), singles -.0587 and students -.0251. The mean quality of life (QOL) score for social relations was significantly lower -.114 among men but there were no significant differences by age, education. The mean QOL score for environment did not vary significantly by age, gender, marital status, education, or employment status.

Conclusions: Although the test comprised generally young university students, it too included older adults who were either employed or housewives. We found that problematic smartphone use was strongly related with poor perceived quality of life within the Punjab territory of Pakistan. Problematic smartphones use for the most part impacts physical and psychological health, although it is additionally related with social relationships. This affiliation continues after controlling for the impacts of gender, age, employment status, and marital status.

The Role of Childhood Trauma and Self-Esteem in Anxiety Disorders among Young Adults across Different Institutes of Pakistan

Mahin Taelah — 2025-04-22

The present investigation examined how self-esteem, childhood trauma, and the emergence of anxiety disorders in Pakistani young adults relate to one another. Its specific objectives were to investigate the connections among these factors and the predictive significance of self-esteem and childhood trauma in the emerging symptoms of anxiety. 132 individuals, ages 17 to 34, from different educational institutions and mental health organizations around Pakistan participated in this quantitative research. Sample was collected through convenience sampling technique. Cross-sectional research design based correlational study was conducted for survey. Childhood trauma, self-esteem and anxiety symptoms were measured by using standardized scales; Childhood Trauma Scale–Short Form (CTQ-SF), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSES), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire 7-items (GAD-7). Major associations among the variables were found in the results, demonstrating that lower self-esteem was connected to higher anxiety symptoms and more levels of childhood trauma were related to lower self-esteem. While childhood trauma did not considerably indicate anxiety levels in the model, analysis of regression also revealed that low self-esteem was a major determinant of anxiety disorders. These findings emphasize the long-lasting psychological effects of negative childhood events as well as the significance of self-esteem as a mitigating psychological component in the anxiety disorders. The study highlights the necessity for early interventions aimed at enhancing self-esteem and offers insightful information for mental health practitioners dealing with populations impacted by trauma and anxiety.

Access Denied: Enrollment and Retention Challenges for Transgender Students

Dr. Sidra Kiran — 2025-04-23

The term "transgender" is general. Additionally, to trans men and trans women, it might also contain non-binary individuals. The term "transgender" may be used very broadly to encompass cross-dressers. Other definitions of transgender also include those who belong to a third gender or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender. The title of the study was " Access Denied: Enrollment and Retention Challenges for Transgender Students." The objective of the study was to identify the specific social, cultural, and institutional barriers that prevented the transgender community from accessing education and to delve into the details of the transgender community members who had successfully navigated these barriers, examining the factors that enabled their success. The research method selected for the study was mixed-method triangulation, chosen in consideration of the nature of the existing status of Pakistan's transgender population, treated as insignificant by mainstream society. A descriptive study design was used. The population of the study consisted of all 1111 transgender individuals in the Rawalpindi area. A non-probability snowball sampling technique was employed, wherein participants assisted the researcher in identifying other similar participants. The sample size for the study consisted of 25% of the population. A self-structured questionnaire was used as a research tool. To obtain detailed information for research purposes, the researcher conducted interviews with the respondents. The content validity of the research tool was established with the guidelines of five different experts in the field of educational research. Their opinions and remarks were used to update the research tool. The reliability of the research tool was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha formula.The researcher personally visited the population area of Rawalpindi, seeking permission for meetings. The researcher also explained the questionnaire to the respondents, and their responses were stored for further analysis. The collected data were used for analysis, conducted using SPSS version 24.The study was significant for the transgender community, society, policymakers, human rights organizations, and the overall education system.

Perceived Parenting Styles, Social Competence, Bullying Victimization and Self-Injurious Behaviors among Adolescents in Pakistan

Momna Jameel — 2025-04-25

The cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the relationship among Perceived Parenting styles, Social Competence, Bullying Victimization among adolescents from the age range of 12 to 19 with the sample of 300 adolescents from different institutes of Sialkot, Pakistan (150 Male and 150 female)(M= 16.06, SD= 1.93).This research highlighted the correlation between these variables by using Perceived parenting styles scale (Nasir &Naeem, 2015), Social competence scale for adolescents (Khurshid &Mehmood, 2018), Bullying and victimization scale for adolescence (Amjad & Saleem, 2014) and Self-injurious behavior scale (Fariha & Saleem, 2017) along with the demographic variables. The results revealed that perceived parenting styles have negative relationship with the self-injurious behaviors and negative relationship between social competence and self-injurious behaviors in adolescents while on the other hand bullying victimization has positive relationship with the self-injurious behaviors moreover bullying victimization were high in males than females and in private institutes than Govt institutes while on the other hand warm and control parenting styles and social competence ware high in females than males and were high among Govt institutes adolescents than private institutes adolescents. The main goal of this study was to implicant the result findings to raise awareness about these issues to help the adolescents who are silently suffering from these issues and to raise awareness in society.

Mediating Effect of Organizational Readiness for Adoption and Moderating Effect of HR Staff Expertise and Top Management Commitment on HRIS -Research on Energy Sector

Nawal Akhtar — 2025-04-26

In the 21st century, global progress is increasingly intertwined with technological advancements. Organizations aspiring to achieve success or already achieving it recognize the importance of embracing the latest innovations. The primary aim of this study is to assess and scrutinize the connection between "Innovation Diffusion and HRIS" while considering the mediating impact of "Organization's Readiness for Adoption" and moderating effects of Top Management Commitment and HR Staff Expertise within K-Electric. This research is rooted in the "Diffusion of Innovation" theory formulated by Everett M. Rogers in 1962. To accomplish this, several hypotheses have been formulated to empirically test the constructs related to "Diffusion of Innovation and HRIS." Primary data was collected through a survey questionnaire utilizing a 5- point Likert scale, reaching a sample size of 371. Additionally, peer-reviewed journals served as a secondary data source. The statistical analysis of the collected data was conducted using "Smart PLS." The results show the positive effect of Innovation diffusion on HRIS with the presence of mediating variable. Whereas with moderating variables there is a negative impact on HRIS. Based on these findings, it is recommended that regulatory bodies ensure the successful implementation and integration of HRIS within organizations. Furthermore, it is advised to provide comprehensive training sessions to end-users of the innovation, supported by ongoing encouragement from higher management.

The Rising Trend of Drug Addiction and Its Impacts on Youth's Mental Health

Somia Shabbir — 2025-04-27

The rising trend of drug addiction among youth has become a major public health concern, significantly impacting mental health. The relationship of drug addiction and mental health disorders among university students of Lahore and Karachi was quantitatively studied. A structured survey of 150 university students from both cities was done and a statistical analysis was carried out to measure the incidence and severity of addiction related psychological distress. Likert five point scale was used as instrument in this study. Descriptive and inferential statistics used to generate the results from collected data. Across the board, positive correlation between drug use and reduced mental health with increased drug use corresponding with more anxiety and depression symptoms. The paper underlines the necessity for preventive measures, awareness programs and policy interventions aimed at substance abuse and its psychological implications among youth at urban settings.

Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance: An Empirical Study on Different Sectors in Pakistan

Sadaf Akhtar — 2025-05-02

In this era of globalization, the business world requires an outstanding system of governance. Many large and listed companies are increasingly concerned about these issues. Practicing good corporate governance can attract investment, improve organizational performance, and reduce investor risk. It is important to carefully consider the factors may affect the relationship between corporate governance and profitability. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of specific variables of corporate governance on profitability using 10years of data (2010-2019) from 22 listed companies on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The results indicates a positive impact of board meetings, gender diversity and board size on stock returns and Tobin’s Q, while showing a negative impact of leverage, board composition and audit committee members on Tobin’s Q and Stock return.

Investigating the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Hyper-Independence among University Students: From Adversity to Self-Reliance

Dr. Leenah Askaree — 2025-05-06

Childhood trauma has been identified as a significant factor influencing psychological and behavioral outcomes in adulthood. This study investigates the relationship between childhood trauma and hyper-independence among university students, focusing on how adverse experiences shape self-reliance. Hyper-independence, often characterized as an excessive need for autonomy, is hypothesized to emerge as a coping mechanism in response to early-life adversities (Tanasugarn, 2025). The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, to explore the prevalence and psychological underpinnings of hyper-independence in a sample of 200 university students. Findings indicate that students with a history of childhood trauma, including emotional neglect and parentification, exhibit higher levels of hyper-independence compared to their peers (Bahar, 2023). These results suggest that hyper-independence may serve as both a protective strategy and a potential barrier to forming healthy interpersonal relationships. Implications for mental health interventions and support systems in academic settings are discussed, emphasizing the need for trauma-informed care to address the unique challenges faced by hyper-independent individuals (Perry & Szalavitz, 2017).

Caregiver Burden, Psychological Well-Being and Coping Strategies of Parents Having Children with Thalassemia

Naveed Alam Khan — 2025-05-07

Thalassemia is a chronic disease caused by a genetic defect that interferes with a child's normal physiological functioning and affects the physica1, emotional, and cognitive wel1-being of individuals and their families. Children with thalassemia have to go to the hospital on a frequent basis for b1ood transfusions. Parents are burdened psychologically because of the expenses, stress, and fear of loss. A total of 100 subjects were se1ected using the convenient samp1ing technique. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics to find out the frequencies and percentages of the basic variables. Among the parents of thalassemia children residing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the current study was conducted to determine the relationship between the caregiver burden, coping mechanisms, and psychological well-being of parents of thalassemic children. The Zarit burden interview scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale A, Jalowiec Coping Scale B, and The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well Being Scale (WEMWBS) was used. A1l the scales demonstrated good re1iability for the current population. The findings suggest that monthly income was significantly negatively correlated with the caregiver burden of parents of thalassemic children in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A significant negative correlation between the level of care giver burden of thalassemic children and Psychological well –being of parents of thalassemic children was also found.

The Combined Effects of Technology Integration and Cultural Sensitivity on Early Learners' Development: Analysis in Lahore and Nankana Sahib

Dr. Abdul Qayyum — 2025-05-12

Aims: This study aimed to investigate how the integration of technology, when aligned with cultural sensitivity, influences the cognitive, social-emotional, and academic development of early learners in Pakistan.

Background: As Early Childhood Education (ECE) evolves, there is growing emphasis on leveraging technology to enhance learning. However, the success of such initiatives often depends on their cultural relevance. In Pakistan, where diverse cultural norms shape educational experiences, the fusion of digital tools with cultural sensitivity holds untapped potential.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative classroom observations and teacher-parent interviews. The study was conducted across public and private ECE settings in Lahore and Nankana Sahib Districts.

Results: Findings indicated that children exposed to culturally relevant, well-integrated technology showed marked improvement in engagement, language acquisition, social interaction, and academic readiness.

Implications: The study recommends national policy reforms, targeted teacher training, and the development of culturally responsive digital resources to ensure equitable, effective technology use in ECE across Pakistan.

Artificial Intelligence and Student Learning in Higher Education: A Qualitative Exploration from District Gwadar

Sajeela Basheer — 2025-05-14

The transformative possible of artificial intelligence (AI) in humanizing university students' academic performance is discovered in this qualitative study. The study suggestions a thorough inspection of how AI-powered technologies support learning and affect students' academic results by using in-person interviews as a data gathering method. The results show that artificial intelligence has many advantages, such as cost-effective solutions, individualized learning experiences, and effective information dispensation. But the study also exposes issues with belief on artificial intelligence, its drawbacks, and the requirement of careful integration. This study is main because it adds to the recent discussion about using artificial intelligence to maximize the usefulness of student learning. By using the knowledge collected from this study, higher education shareholders, educators, and officials may better apply artificial intelligence's potential to develop more efficient, exciting, and student-centered knowledge situations. To exploit the profits of artificial intelligence in open-minded education, it is suggested that educators and councils carefully integrate AI-powered outfits into university curricula, supplementing traditional teaching methods.

Case Study of Schizophrenia – Qualitative Analysis

Samia Azeem — 2025-05-15

This article presents a qualitative case study of a 28-year-old woman diagnosed with schizophrenia, capturing her symptoms, treatment, and the impact on her daily life. Using qualitative thematic analysis, we examine her subjective experience, the perspectives of her family, and the therapeutic approaches employed. This study aims to shed light on the challenges patients with schizophrenia face, the significance of family involvement, and the need for structured, multifaceted interventions. This case study demonstrates the multifaceted challenges that individuals with schizophrenia encounter. The qualitative analysis underscores the role of family, the need for a supportive environment, and the significance of an integrated therapeutic approach. Schizophrenia, with its complex symptomatology, requires both individualized treatment and systemic support for effective management and recovery.

Childhood Neglect and Malevolent Creativity among Emerging Adults: Exacerbating role of Light Triad Traits

Kashaf Amreen — 2025-05-16

Early life experiences, particularly childhood neglect, can significantly influence personality traits and creative expression in adulthood. The study aimed to examine the moderating role of light triad traits between childhood neglect, and malevolent creativity among emerging adults. Using a correlational design, data were collected from N=330 participants (n=155 men, n=175 women) aged 18–25 years (M = 20.63, SD = 1.88), recruited through purposive sampling from educational institutions in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Abbottabad. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), Light Triad Scale (Kaufman et al., 2019), and Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale (Hao et al., 2016) were used for data collection. Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed that childhood neglect negatively correlated with light triad traits and positively correlated with malevolent creativity, while light triad traits were negatively associated with malevolent creativity. Moderation analysis revealed that light triad traits significantly moderated the relationship between childhood neglect and malevolent creativity. These findings underscore the complex psychological mechanisms linking early adverse experiences to antisocial creative expression and highlight the protective role of light triad traits in mitigating these effects. The study offers valuable insights for clinical and developmental interventions, and lays the groundwork for future research.

Female Media Graduates’ Perceptions of Career Opportunities in the Media Industry

Sundas Zahra — 2025-05-18

This research explores female media graduates' perception of pursuing a career in the media industry, with emphasis on opportunities, challenges, stereotypes, and representation. A quantitative method was adopted based on convenience sampling. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire on WhatsApp and Google Forms from 100 female media students in different universities. The results show that digital media is the favorite professional course of study for most 79%, but job security, work-life balance, and equal opportunity significantly influence their choices. The research further shows that 69% of respondents value higher pay, with 63% desiring reasonable working hours. Still, 58% would strongly support gender equality in working opportunities. The findings highlight the need to promote a caring and welcoming environment to entice more women into pursuing media careers. This research can help educational institutions, media corporations, and politicians develop policies to improve diversity and gender equality in the media sector.

Empowering Caregivers in the Digital Age: The Influence of Digital Literacy on Tele Health-Based Parent-Mediated Interventions for Children with Autism

Rabya Sammam — 2025-05-20

Parent training programs may enhance the social behaviour and communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially for families dealing with them as caregivers. Unfortunately, these activities have not been assessed. This study sought to consolidate available data from research on parent-mediated intervention training for families with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to assess the efficiency of such home interventions based on the results. In accordance with the PRISMA declaration, a search of the following electronic databases (ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar) for studies examining parent-mediated intervention training for families with a child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was performed. The results revealed that eleven studies satisfied the qualifying requirements. Remote parent-mediated intervention training may improve parents' understanding, intervention fidelity, and children's social behaviour and communication abilities. Future study should include standardised outcome measures to reduce bias, as well as evaluations of the therapy's applicability and practicality.

The Role of Genetic Testing in Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases

Hafiz Muhammad Sohaib — 2025-05-20

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the most common cause of death globally, and early prevention and detection are essential to limiting their effects. The purpose of this research was to assess the potential of genetic testing in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients at the District Headquarters Hospital Lodhran. 100 patients with CVD risk factors were enrolled and received thorough clinical evaluation, biochemical profiling, and panelized genetic testing targeting the most relevant genes for cardiovascular risk, such as LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, MYH7, MYBPC3, and CYP2C19. Analysis identified that 32% of the patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants that are associated with higher cardiovascular risk. The most prevalent mutations were in LDLR and APOB genes, linked to familial hypercholesterolemia, and CYP2C19 polymorphisms that impact the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy. Those with genetic mutations had significantly elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and family histories of premature cardiovascular events. Genetic testing informed individualized interventions including maximized lipid-lowering treatment and individualized antiplatelet regimens. The report emphasizes the practicability and clinical value of introducing genetic testing in a district hospital environment within Pakistan, in spite of limited resources and poor public awareness. Integrating genetic screening into standard cardiovascular practice can facilitate early diagnosis, risk stratification, and prevention of disease, reducing overall burden of disease. Wider access to genetic services and education of patients are key measures to advance cardiovascular outcome in the region.

Impact of Glass Ceiling on Mental Health Status among Private Sector’s Working Women

Bibi Fatima — 2025-05-23

Persistent Glass Ceiling effect in organizational hierarchies has become a significant barrier for women, particularly in the private sectors. Purpose of the study was to investigates that how systemic barriers of career advancement affect psychological well-being of working women. Objectives of the study explore the impact of glass ceiling issues on mental health status of working women in private organizations. Using a sample of 150 female employees from various private organizations with age of 35 to 55 Mean = 1.40 Sd= .492. Measures were applied for data collection a) Demographic information form b) Glass Ceiling Scale (GCS), developed by Hameed and Gul-e-Rana (2005) c) Scale of mental health was developed by Sofia Tabassam (1997). Correlation method multiple regression analysis was applied to calculate the relationship between glass ceiling and mental health. Findings of the study indicate a strong correlation between glass ceiling and mental health, which indicates that women were reporting higher levels of stress, anxiety, and job dissatisfaction.

Examining the Impact of Sleep Quality on Mental Health and Quality of Life among University Students

Dr. Nighat Gul — 2025-05-24

This study examines the impact of sleep quality on mental health and quality of life among (N = 250) university students. The finding revealed a high prevalence of sleep problems, which significantly influenced the various aspects of students' life quality and mental health. Three scales were utilized for data collection likewise sleeps quality scale, mental health and quality of life. The poor quality of sleep was associated with lower mental health and quality of life. Good sleep quality associated with better mental health and quality of life. In addition, the impaired quality of life across four key domains, Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relationships, Environment due to insufficient sleep led to lower students with poor sleep quality also reported more complaints about physical health and impaired daily functioning along with reduced social relationships and psychological health. These results underline the critical need for interventions to improve sleep quality to improve both mental health and the overall quality of life of university students.

Forgiveness and Mental Well-Being among Married Men and Women in Faisalabad District

Samreen Shabbir — 2025-05-26

The current research probed the connection between mental well-being and forgiveness in married couples in the Faisalabad area of Pakistan. The initial aim was to analyze how the ability to forgive shapes psychological health among women and men. There were 111 participants, 20 men and 91 women, who were chosen using snowball sampling. The research employed three core data collection instruments: the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Demographic Information Form, and the Mental Well-Being Scale. Forgiveness as a psychological phenomenon has been extensively linked to better mental health outcomes, such as lower stress levels, better emotional regulation, and higher life satisfaction. Individuals who scored higher on the forgiveness measure were more likely to endorse better psychological well-being, such as increased subjective and spiritual well-being, and an increased feeling of happiness. This was true for both men and women, indicating that forgiveness is an equally positive quality in the marital relationship. These findings also imply that forgiveness is something that, when developed, can be more emotionally resilient and produce better coping outcomes in relationships. The research highlighted forgiveness as a salient factor in determining married men's and women's mental health. More forgiving individuals have healthier, adaptive coping styles that could be linked to higher overall marital well-being. Future work might look at intervention methods to increase forgiveness to enhance marital and psychological functioning. Studies on forgiveness and mental well-being between married women and men in Faisalabad can guide gender-sensitive counseling and mental health interventions. It could foster more robust family systems and shape policy decisions on marital well-being. In the longer term, it underlies a cultural transformation toward emotional literacy and mental health consciousness.

Beyond Force Majeure: Rethinking Contractual Risk through the Lens of Shariah and Common Law Doctrines

Seema Gul — 2025-05-26

This article explores the limitations of the traditional force majeure doctrine in managing contractual risks and proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates principles from both Shariah and common law. While force majeure clauses in common law primarily serve to excuse non-performance due to unforeseen events, their rigid and narrow application often leaves parties exposed to inequities and unresolved risks. Shariah law, by contrast, emphasizes ethical considerations, risk-sharing, and judicial flexibility, focusing on public interest (maslahah) and avoidance of harm (darar). This study adopts a comparative legal research design to analyze how each legal system conceptualizes and addresses contractual risks beyond force majeure, including doctrines such as frustration, impossibility, and istihalah (transformation). The findings reveal that Shariah’s adaptable and equitable approach complements the common law’s strict contractual interpretations, offering valuable insights for hybrid and transnational contracts. By synthesizing these doctrines, the article advocates for a more flexible, fair, and resilient contractual framework that transcends mere excuse and promotes cooperation, risk-sharing, and contract adaptation in complex commercial environments. Contractual risk allocation traditionally relies on doctrines like force majeure to address unforeseen events that excuse performance. However, the growing integration of Islamic finance and common law-based commercial transactions invites a comparative exploration of how Shariah and common law conceptualize and manage contractual risks beyond force majeure. This article critically examines the similarities and divergences between the two legal traditions, explores complementary doctrines such as impossibility, frustration, and istihalah (transformation), and proposes a holistic framework to enhance contractual risk management in transnational contracts. The study underscores the potential for cross-jurisdictional enrichment, especially in contexts involving Islamic finance, hybrid contracts, and multicultural business environments.