Research Journal of Psychology

Staffing and Employee Performance: The Role of Age

Maneesha Arman, Omar Ahmed Shaikh — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Employee performance remains a critical concern for organizations, yet existing research often examines staffing, HRM practices, and organizational culture in isolation. This study was undertaken to address this gap by developing and testing an integrated framework that explains how staffing influences employee performance through the mediating roles of HRM practices and organizational culture, while considering employee tenure as a moderating factor. The study argues that staffing serves as a foundational mechanism whose effects are realized through organizational and cultural processes rather than solely through formal HR systems. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed using primary survey data collected from employees. Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to test direct, mediating, and moderating relationships among staffing, HRM practices, organizational culture, tenure, and employee performance. Reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity (HTMT), and bootstrapping procedures were used to ensure robustness. The results reveal that staffing has a strong and significant direct effect on employee performance (β = 0.634, p < 0.001). Organizational culture significantly mediates this relationship (β = 0.206, p = 0.001), whereas HRM practices show a non-significant direct effect on performance. Employee tenure exhibits a positive but weak direct effect and does not significantly moderate the staffing–performance relationship. The model explains 52.2% of the variance in employee performance. This study contributes by empirically demonstrating that organizational culture, rather than HRM practices, is the primary transmission mechanism through which staffing translates into performance. The findings offer valuable insights for theory refinement and guide managers toward a staffing-first, culture-driven performance strategy.

E-Service Quality on Customer Loyalty: A Multidimensional Model

Ambrina Basharat, Dr. Imran Zaman — Sat, 03 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The research investigates the impact of e-service quality on customer loyalty in highly interactive industries. It emphasizes understanding the relationships between various dimensions of e-service quality—usability, information quality, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, and personalization—and key customer outcomes like engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty. The study aims to gather 384 responses from adults aged 18 and older and considers how demographic characteristics and cultural differences influence these relationships. It confirms that e-service quality and perceived value affect satisfaction and engagement, which in turn influence loyalty. Additionally, it highlights the mediating roles of psychological factors and the importance of demographic and cultural differences in customer perceptions and responses to services.

The Dying Cultural Tradition of Gujranwala: A Case Study of Wrestling

Zahid Akbar, Muhammad Kashif Ali, Ayesha Iqbal — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This paper investigates the sudden decline that has befallen Pehalwani, the traditional wrestling practice that has prevailed in South Asia, via a case study on the City of Wrestlers, which has long been recognized as such, and in which the city of Gujranwala, found in Pakistan, still thrives. A practice which represented a soil in which physical prowess, goodness, and social belonging could be developed within the earth pit stadiums of the akharas, Pehalwani teeters on the edge of its disappearance from its native soil. Historical research and qualitative approaches, including biographical research focused on their heroes such as Rahim Baksh Sultani Wala, demonstrate that no natural process has caused the end that Pehalwani faces. The loss of patronage from royalty and aristocratic classes, as a result of colonialism, resulted in the loss of its economic base, and the contemporary socio-economic conditions made the wrestler’s costly and selfless lifestyle inconceivable. Moreover, westernization, sports mania, and lack of government support pushed the “akhara” system to the margins even further. This paper contends that “Pehalwani’s” decline signifies more than simply the death of a sport; rather, it symbolizes “the destruction of a special school of character, and something which stands for community’s own intangible heritage as well as something which symbolizes community’s own intangible culture.” This paper concludes that what’s left can only be salvaged with government and social acknowledgement and recognition, as well as incorporation within educational systems, of this intangible cultural asset.

Navigating the Green Frontier: Exploring Sustainable Pathways through Financial Development, Resource Conservation, and Urbanization Dynamics Using the ARDL Perspective

Engr. Khizar Hayat Khan, Raheel Akhtar, Dr. Shereena Majeed, Muhammad Wasim Riaz — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This research article investigates the interplay between green innovation, financial development, resource depletion, and urbanization, focusing on charting a course towards a sustainable future. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework, we analyze vital variables spanning 1970 to 2024. The variables include urban population ages 15–64, GDP, private sector access to real domestic credit, renewable resource energy, CO2 emissions, and fuel consumption. This study uncovers dynamic relationships among these variables, revealing the symbiotic linkages crucial for sustainable development. Preliminary findings suggest a positive correlation between financial development and green innovation, emphasizing the pivotal role of a robust financial sector in fostering sustainable practices. Concurrently, challenges arising from resource depletion and rapid urbanization necessitate targeted policies to promote circular economy principles and sustainable urban planning. The ARDL model is expected to offer insights into long-term relationships, providing a nuanced understanding of how changes in these variables impact each other over time. We anticipate that our findings will contribute valuable knowledge to policymakers, businesses, and researchers, guiding the formulation of strategies that reconcile economic growth with environmental preservation on the path to a sustainable future.

Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Performance Among University Students

Tue, 06 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

University students frequently demonstrate self-control problems through their tendency to procrastinate. Procrastination occurs when students put off their schoolwork despite understanding that it will lead to academic failure. Academic performance represents the assessment of student learning through their grades and academic accomplishments. Students tend to put off their work obligations which include both assignment deadlines and test preparation activities. Students experience academic pressure while their work efficiency decreases because they postpone their tasks. The present study examined the relationship between procrastination and academic performance. The researchers conducted their investigation through a quantitative study which used a cross-sectional research design. The researchers studied 100 university students who participated in their research. The researchers used convenience sampling to choose their participants. The study included female undergraduate students as participants. The researchers used the General Procrastination Questionnaire (GPQ) scale to gather their data. The researchers evaluated student academic performance by using the Academic Performance Scale (APS). Both scales demonstrate strong measurement consistency for test results. The researchers used Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship between two variables. The results showed a strong negative relationship which reached statistical significance. The correlation value shows an inverse association between the two variables. The study found that students who scored higher on procrastination tests performed worse in their academic work. The research results show that procrastination creates detrimental effects which prevent academic success. The regression results showed that procrastination acted as an important factor which predicted student academic performance decline. The t-test results showed that people from different age groups demonstrated distinct results. The research results support existing findings which show that procrastination decreases student performance. The research demonstrates that universities must address student procrastination problems because they need to be resolved. Student performance will improve through formal academic counseling combined with time-management training. Early intervention can support better self-regulation and academic productivity.

Impact of Neuroticism on Perceived Stress among University Students

Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This research study explored the relationship between neuroticism and how female college students in Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir rated their stress levels through self-report measures. Overall, it was found that both variables had moderately to highly rated scores based on descriptive statistics, while the reliability of the instruments used to assess these variables was determined to be acceptable at levels of consistency. A Pearson correlation between neuroticism and perceived stress was significant at the .01 level, indicating a positive relationship. Furthermore, neuroticism was found to be a significant predictor of perceived stress, and thus accounts for a large percentage of the variance in perceived stress levels (p < .001). The findings provided support for theories based on personality and theories based on how individuals appraise their level of stress, indicating that personality traits such as neuroticism can significantly influence how one perceives their stress level. Therefore, it is recommended that screening for personality characteristics, as well as stress management techniques, be included in counseling services offered to female college students.

Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction among University Students

Khadija Amin, Arzoo Hayat, Taiba Khalid, Syeda Zahra Batool, Summiya Azhar — Fri, 09 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The research investigated how self-esteem and life satisfaction together impact mental health of female university students. The research proceeded through two distinct research stages. First, researchers carried a pilot study to measure research feasibility. The main study required a larger sample size because it needed researchers to obtain dependable and valid study results. The researchers employed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) to gather study data. Researchers gathered data from 150 female students who were aged between 18 and 28 years at the Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Bagh through convenience sampling methods. The study participants qualified for inclusion because they met the requirements of being university students who could understand English well enough to fill out the questionnaires. The reliability analysis showed acceptable internal consistency for both measures, confirming that both measures were suitable for testing on the target population. The Pearson correlation analysis found that esteem and satisfaction with life had a strong positive association between the two variables. Higher esteem results in greater satisfaction with life according to the study results. The regression analysis demonstrated that esteem functioned as an essential element which determined life satisfaction levels. The study demonstrates that self-esteem functions as a vital element which regulates total mental health. The research results demonstrate that self-esteem directly affects life satisfaction while showing that the assessment tools used in the study produce reliable results. The results emphasize that self-esteem development serves as an essential factor which leads to improved life satisfaction and mental health in students. The study presents valuable research findings which can assist both future psychological research and intervention development. The study provided a summary of its restrictions together with its recommendations.

Relationship between Distress tolerance and Emotion Regulation among University Students

Urooj Azad, Laiba Saeed, Iqra Qayyum, Summiya Azhar — Sat, 10 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The research studied how distress tolerance affected the emotional regulation abilities of university students. The researchers executed the study through cross-sectional quantitative research design. The researchers conducted a pilot study with 30 students before their main study to test the reliability and comprehensibility of their research tools. The researchers used Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS 15) (Gaher & Simons 2005) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS 16) (Bjureberg et al. 2016) to assess distress tolerance and emotional regulation. The scale exhibited sufficient alpha reliability across all components. The researchers collected data from 130 female university students who attended different departments at Women University of Bagh AJK. Students from various semesters took part voluntarily. The researchers selected participants through convenience sampling. The results established a significant positive connection between distress tolerance and emotional regulation. The results showed that students who could control their negative emotions better showed fewer problems with their emotional management. The younger students of the study presented greater difficulties with emotional regulation compared to their older counterparts. The semester results indicated that students in their first semesters exhibited better distress tolerance than students in their final semesters. The results of regression analysis showed that distress tolerance serves as a predicting factor for emotional regulation abilities while showing that it functions as a vital resource for emotional control.

Association of Smart Phone Usage with Mental Health, Neck Pain, and Sleep Quality among Undergraduate Final Year Physical Therapy Students of Peshawar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kiran Babar, Shereen Bakhtawar Afridi, Laiba Faheem, Noor Ul Ain — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association of smartphone usage with mental health, neck pain, and sleep quality among final-year undergraduate Physical Therapy students in Peshawar.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate Physical Therapy students from multiple institutions, including MMI, SHS, IHS, NCS, and KMU IPMR. Ethical approval was obtained from the Graduate Committee and concerned departments prior to data collection. After obtaining informed consent, participants completed a structured self-administered questionnaire that evaluated smartphone usage patterns, neck-related musculoskeletal symptoms, sleep quality, and mental health indicators. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between the duration of smartphone use and the health outcomes studied.

Results: The results demonstrated a significant association between prolonged smartphone usage and the occurrence of neck pain among students. Increased smartphone use was also linked with poor sleep quality and negative mental health outcomes, including higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety. Further analysis based on age and gender distribution provided additional insight into the impact of excessive smartphone use within this academic population.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that extensive smartphone usage is associated with both physical discomfort and psychological distress among Physical Therapy students. These results highlights the importance of promoting ergonomic awareness and digital well-being strategies within healthcare education settings to reduce potential long-term health consequences among this population.

Econometric Analysis of Health Expenditure and Its Socioeconomic Inequality in Pakistan: A Microeconometric Approach

Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This paper looks at how much money or income of Pakistani families spend on health issues. Using data from PSLM for the years 2024–25. It investigates the components and variables that influence how much money families spend on different health diseases. The estimation results show that the cost of a family's catastrophic expenditure varies depending on a number of factors, including the nature of diseases, people living in different provinces, the location either urban or rural and the gender of the family heads. Health expenditure is also affected by an increase or decrease in income. Such factors drives an increase or decrease in household health spending. However, policy recommendations for health expenditure are influenced positively by ends in light of all factors. In addition, any findings may infer a wide range of health implications in Pakistan. Each of these factors play a specific role that how the government decides how much amount of money to spend in health sector. Regression analysis and the ordinary least squares (OLS) method were used to carry out the regression. When a model's dependent variable is quantitative, then this method and technique are applied in such situation. The policy and a solution to all the problems that can be explained by the variables and household health spending will be achieved through estimates and outcomes.

Exploring Psychological Distress, Well-Being, and Marital Adjustment among Married Pakistani Women

Salma Rehna, Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The paper has analyzed the correlation between psychological distress, psycho-social well-being, family support, and marital adjustment in married females in Pakistan, with special reference to the role of family support as a mediator. The research design was a cross-sectional correlational study, and the data were collected from 400 wives using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Perceived Social Support Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the PROCESS macro (Model 4) for mediation. The results revealed that psychological distress had a significant and negative correlation with psycho-social well-being and marital adjustment. There was an association between higher education and socio-economic status, lower distress and well-being, and marital outcomes. The psychological distress and psycho-social well-being relationship showed that family support mediated the relationship partially, which supported the stress-buffering model. But a relationship was not mediated by family support in relation to psychological distress and marital adjustment, which points out the role of relationship-specific factors. The study offers culturally applicable information regarding the mental health of married females in Pakistan.

The Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Resilience and Mental Health

Muqaddas Anwar, Yashab Khan, Syeda Haleema Sohail, Syeda Safa Tahoor — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines how organizational culture could affect employee resilience and employee mental health. Based on the Competing Values Framework (CVF), we examine four different types of organizational cultures, i.e. Clan, Adhocracy, Market, and Hierarchy, and their impact on employee outcomes. Using survey data from 350 employees in different industries, we examine the different ways that each cultural type affects resilience (the capacity to adapt and recover from adversity) and mental health (assessed through the use of the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-12]). It is revealed that Clan and Adhocracy cultures, with their support, collaboration and flexibility, are positively linked to higher employee resilience and mental health outcomes. On the other hand, Market and Hierarchy cultures with their focus on competitiveness, control and structure are associated with lower levels of resilience and poorer mental health. The study indicates that organizational culture plays a critical role in determining employee well-being and gives practical information for organizations looking to help improve resilience and decrease mental health concerns. The findings emphasize the importance of promoting supportive and flexible workplaces to enhance overall employee well-being and performance. Implications to future research and organization practices are also discussed.

The Influence of Socio-Cultural Beliefs on Mental Health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Zahoor Alam, Maria Shah — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims at exploring the role of socio-cultural beliefs, and religious norms on mental health perceptions and help-seeking behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Mental health problems, anxiety, and depression are frequently stigmatized in KP, especially in rural areas where traditional beliefs and religious teachings prevail in terms of mental illness. The study uses qualitative research methods of interview and focus group discussions (FGDs) to understand how these beliefs influence attitudes towards mental health and the readiness to consult a professional for help. The findings show that in rural KP, mental health problems are often considered a sign of personal weakness or spiritual failure so that spiritual remedies are preferred over professional psychological treatment. However, there is increasing appreciation of the importance of having traditional as well as modern approaches to mental health. The study includes the need for culturally sensitive mental health services that honor religious and cultural norms while offering effective services. The research further states that social stigma are a huge factor, as well as economic constraints and a lack of mental health awareness to seeking professional help in both urban and rural areas. This paper laments the need for mental health awareness campaigns, better access to services, and partnership between mental health professionals and religious leaders to help close the gap between the traditional beliefs and modern therapeutic practices of KP.

Effect of Distant Posting on Female Teachers’ Work Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction in Higher Education Department Punjab

Saba Ali, Dr. Almas Shoaib — Thu, 15 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study investigates the effect of distant posting on female teachers' work family conflict and job satisfaction in higher education department, Punjab. Sequential mix method approach was applied in the study, in which the quantitative data was collected from 100 female teachers of higher education department in the first phase and qualitative data from 7 higher education teachers was gathered through face-to-face interviews to support the quantitative findings in the second phase. The quantitative data showed no significant effect of distant posting on work family conflict and job satisfaction and to explain theses results in depth the qualitative themes were explored. The findings explain that the teachers maintain their stability by effectively and efficiently managing their time through a "triple workday" strategy, Moreover the job security and financial independence provided by this job minimize the hurdles of distant posting. The study concludes that although the distance of posting does not automatically diminish job satisfaction, this stability is maintained through continues family support and extreme personal endurance.

Emotional Regulation as a Predictor of Coping Mechanisms among Public Sector Paramedics: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy

Noora, Husna Ali — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Paramedics work within stressful processes, emotionally demanding conditions and need to make quick decisions while maintaining solid psychological conditions. Understanding the psychological mechanisms that help people to cope adaptively in these situations is important to occupational health. The present study examined emotional regulation as a predictor of the coping mechanism and tested the mediating capacity of the self-efficacy among the public sectors paramedics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. A cross-sectional correlational research design was used in a sample of 200 paramedics (121 males, 79 females). Participants completed the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Coping Strategies Scale (CSS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Pearson correlation and regression-based analyses of mediation were performed with the use of statistical package software (SPSS-26). Results showed that emotional regulation was found to have a positive relationship with self-efficacy (r = .42, p < .01) and coping mechanisms (r = .47, p < .01). Self-efficacy was also positively correlated with coping mechanisms (r=.55 p< .01). Regression analyses showed that the level of emotional regulation was a significant predictor of coping (R2 = .38, p <. 01). Mediation analysis showed that self-efficacy partially mediates the mediative effect of emotional regulation on coping mechanisms. In addition, coping mechanisms was found to be a negative predictor of perceived stress (R2 = .03, p < .05). These findings underscore the importance of emotional competencies and efficacy beliefs as personal resources for the adaptive coping of high-risk settings in health care settings. Interventions aimed at functioning in emotional regulation and self-efficacy may improve resilience and decrease occupational stress in paramedics.

Exploring the Protective Role of Emotional Regulation in the Association between Sexual Abuse and Dissociative Experiences

Dr. Sataish Zia Chaudhary, Kishwar Altaf — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Childhood sexual abuse is one of the most terrible traumatic experiences which have a long-term psychological effect, such as dissociative symptoms in adulthood. One protective factor that has been put forward as having a potential of buffering the psychological effect of trauma is emotional regulation. The current research investigated the impact of emotional regulation on the relationship that exists between sexual abuse and dissociative experiences in the context of adults in Pakistan. The cross-sectional correlational design was used and a sample population of 260 young adults (19-39 years old) was used in order to collect data by relying on convenience sampling. The respondents were asked to fill in Sexual abuse subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Psychometric tests showed that there was satisfactory to excellent internal consistency among measures. The correlational analysis indicated that the relationship between sexual abuse and dissociative experiences had a significant, positive relationship (r = .36, p =.01), indicating that the more the abuse was reported, the more the symptoms of dissociation. Nevertheless, there was no significant correlation of emotional regulation with sexual abuse or dissociation. There was also a moderation evidence that emotional regulation did not significantly moderate the connection between sexual abuse and dissociative experiences in dissociation subtypes (amnesia, depersonalization, and absorption). These results confirm the strong correlation between sexual abuse and dissociation but not a protective moderating effect of emotional regulation in this sample. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of psychological outcomes of trauma and deal a blow to the necessity to investigate other protective and situational issues within the cultural-based trauma research.

Exploring Ways of Improving the Participation of Backbenchers in a Grade III Private School: Evidence from Karachi

Ayesha Ayaz, Gillian Ann Rodrigues, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel — Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study explored ways of improving the participation in learning of backbenchers in grade III at a private school in Karachi, Pakistan. By adopting a qualitative research, approach and employing the action research methodology this study looked at specific strategies to enhance the participation of backbenchers in learning. Through the guidance of research literature, the researcher identified possible strategies that could be implemented to increase their participation in learning. The research conducted a reconnaissance followed by cycles of action to address the issue through an intervention. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations of the classroom environment were conducted with the backbenchers and their teachers. The data were analyzed through a process of coding and deriving theme. This study provided valuable insights into how to engage backbenchers in learning. The study is expected to beneficial for the private school in Karachi, Pakistan as well as other schools that face similar issues. The study found out that backbenchers’ participation is increased through providing students with opportunity to participate and through extrinsic motivation to improve backbenchers’ participation. Moreover, this study recommended that the teachers should provide different opportunities to all the students according to their needs to make the learning environment student centered.

Problematic Social Media Engagement and Procrastination: A Dual-Domain Investigation of Sleep and Academic Outcomes

Muqadas Sarfaraz, Sadia Fazal, Farah Aqil, Ambreen Tabbasam — Sat, 24 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The widespread adoption of social media in everyday life has also raised concerns about its potential effects on university students' self-regulatory behaviors. The current investigation not only explored the relationship between social media addiction, bedtime procrastination, and academic procrastination, but also made comparisons on gender, university type, and residential background. A cross-sectional survey study was adopted using 300 university students. The young people were surveyed on Social Media Addiction Scale, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, and Academic Procrastination Scale. The statistical analyses to test the four hypotheses were Pearson correlation and independent samples t-tests. Findings have shown that social media addiction is significantly and positively correlated with bedtime procrastination (r =.57, p <.01), indicating that the higher the addictive social media activity, the more likely it is the delay in sleep behavior. Surprisingly enough, social media addiction was not positively correlated with academic procrastination (r = -.76, p <.01). The difference between genders appeared only when it came to academic procrastination, with the female population reporting more than the male population. The effects of institutional context were found to be strong: social media addiction and bedtime procrastination were weaker in the case of private university students; academic procrastination was significantly stronger in the case of public university students. Bedtime procrastination was found to be more common among urban students than it was among rural students. The results are explained in the framework of self-regulation and self-determination theories, where it is observed that the negative impact of digital overuse on biological processes, including sleep, is more immediate, and academic procrastination seems to be a more general motivational and situational phenomenon. Discussed are implications for digital hygiene interventions and policy within institutions.

Reinforcement-Based Instructional Practices and their Influence on Adolescent Behavioral Regulation in Secondary Classrooms

Mon, 02 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This paper evaluated how the positive reinforcement methods would influence classroom behavior among secondary school students in Kohat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Four dimensions were used to operationalize classroom behavior, namely attention, classroom participation, compliance with classroom rules, and disruptive behavior. Based on Operant Conditioning Theory of Skinner, the research used quasi experimental pretest- posttest and a single group design. The students sampled were 50 secondary school students of a government girls higher secondary school. Data collection was done using a validated Classroom Behavior Questionnaire ( 0.769). Verbal praise, recognition and constructive feedback were among some of the positive reinforcement methods used systematically in a six week span. The analysis of data was carried out by means of descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests. Findings showed that the general classroom behavior improved significantly, t(49) = 23.29, p <. 001, with a very large effect size (Cohen d= 3.29). The major gains were witnessed in all behavioral dimensions. The results show that positive reinforcement is an efficient and feasible method of correcting classroom behavior in the secondary school level. Teacher implications, administrative implications and policymaker implications are discussed.

Examining the Relationship between Trauma Exposure, Coping Mechanisms, and Treatment Outcomes in Individuals with Substance Use Disorder

Sanaullah Khilji, Muhammad Arif, Arsalan Khan — Mon, 02 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Trauma exposure has been identified as a significant risk factor for substance use disorder (SUD), a complex disorder shaped by biological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. The current study examined the relationships between treatment outcomes, coping styles, and trauma exposure in SUD patients undergoing treatment at rehabilitation centers in Pakistan. There was a cross-sectional research design with a purposive sample of 132 respondents recruited. The instruments were the Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ), Brief COPE inventory, and the Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) to gather information using the above-mentioned data collection tools, and the later analyses were conducted by the means of correlation, regression. The results showed that childhood trauma had a strong correlation with the emergence of maladaptive coping strategies especially avoidance, denial and impulsivity. The effects of these emotion-based coping strategies were discovered to impact negatively on treatment outcomes, such as treatment retention and length of abstinence. Problem-oriented coping strategies, on the other hand, were associated with better recovery patterns and efficacy of treatment. The findings emphasize the need for the implementation of trauma-informed interventions that promote adaptive coping styles, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), to improve treatment outcomes. Limitations in the methods are the cross-sectional design, the use of self-report measures, and insufficient diversity in the sample, which can limit the external validity of the results. Longitudinal designs and testing the effectiveness of targeted coping interventions should be included in future studies as well as more heterogeneous populations. The study has implications to inform the formulation of integrative, trauma-informed interventions to address SUDs by clarifying the critical roles of the trauma history and cope strategies in determining treatment outcomes.

Exploring Pedagogical Approaches for Developing Digital Literacy among Private Secondary School Teachers: Evidence from Karachi

Aaliya Bahadur, Prof. Dr Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Technologies are crucial for teaching, and in the post-COVID scenario, but teachers at private secondary schools in Karachi have gaps in their use of these tools; many have new hardware, yet support varies widely. The study's method for improving digital literacy includes professional development, such as workshops and mentoring, addressing issues such as a lack of confidence in technology and support that hinders progress. Hands-on training boosts self-efficacy, sustaining professional development and enhancing digital leadership, leading to better classroom Technology use. Recommendations focus on a scalable program to support teachers and equip students with 21st-century skills. Teachers report negative attitudes toward technology infrastructure deficits (e.g., load shedding, low bandwidth, and a lack of training), and over 60% report a significant literacy gap in blended settings. Personal barriers include fear and time constraints. This study reviews digital literacy training for private secondary school teachers in Karachi, highlighting the use and effectiveness of digital education, especially in private schools. It discusses Karachi's unique factory-like inequalities and AI initiatives such as Teach the World Foundation. Teachers are generally positive about AI but express concerns about training, ethics, and job security. The study found that the pedagogical excellence is possible through digitizing the pedagogical structure in the schools across the city of Karachi in the private and public schools with adequately trained teachers in digital arena.

Effect of Religiosity on Compassion, Self-compassion, and Emotional Regulation

Shah Rukh Shaheen, Zaryab Saifullah, Amina Tarar — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Religiosity has been conceptualized as a meaning system that shapes emotional experience and moral orientation. However, its differential associations with compassion and self-compassion remain theoretically unclear. The present study examined whether religiosity predicts compassion, self-compassion, and emotional regulation among Pakistani university students (N = 200). Participants completed measures of mature religiosity, compassion, self-compassion, and emotional regulation. Religiosity was positively associated with emotional regulation (r = .36, p < .01) and compassion (r = .15, p < .05), but was not significantly related to self-compassion. Regression analyses indicated that religiosity predicted emotional regulation and compassion; however, its unique contribution to compassion diminished when emotional regulation and self-compassion were entered simultaneously. Emotional regulation and self-compassion emerged as stronger predictors of compassion in the multiple regression model. These findings suggest that religiosity may promote outward-directed compassion primarily through regulatory processes, while not necessarily fostering self-directed kindness. The results highlight an important distinction between interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions of compassion within religious meaning systems.

The Impact of Spirituality on Resilience and Emotional Challenges Across Life Stages: Adolescents Vs. Young Adults

Emaan Abid, Eman Farooq Awan, Aneela Mushtaq, Minahil Raza, Amina Perveen — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to explore the impact of spirituality on resilience and emotional challenges, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, across two life stages: adolescents and young adults. The sample of this study consisted of 100 adolescents and 100 young adults with age range of 11 years to 30 years (Mean age = 1.50, SD = .501). Data was gathered from different schools and universities of Islamabad, Pakistan. The Demographic Information Form, Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (Underwood & Teresi, 2002; Underwood, 2006) were administered on all participants. Linear Regression Analysis revealed spirituality and resilience a strong predictor of negative emotional states. A significant positive relationship between spirituality, negative emotional states and resilience is shown. Further directions and implications for future researches are proposed.

Psychosocial Challenges of Women displaced from Kuwait to Pakistan during the 1990 Crisis: Understanding Forced Migration Narratives

Amnah Zubair, Dr. Asma Majeed, Abeera Gul — Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to focus on the narratives of women who were forced to migrate from Kuwait to Pakistan in August 1992 and explore their psychosocial challenges and the impact on their mental health and well-being. The research questions were: What type of problems did immigrant women faced during forced migration and describe their psychological and social experiences after coming to another place? How do forced migrant women adapt to another culture in their bodies, their skin, their clothes and their language? Narrative Research Design (Creswell, 2013) was employed to understand the stories of women who migrated from Kuwait and five participants were recruited for In-depth Interviews. Semi structured interviews were conducted to collect data and later analyzed through thematic narrative analysis. In conclusion, the journey of these forced migrants started from a luxurious life and ended with struggles to adjust in their host countries after surviving constant threat of rape and abduction. Recommendations include further research specifically regarding the aftermath of forced migrant’s journey.

The Predictive Role of Guilty and Fear-of-Failure Daydreaming in Self-Alienation and Acceptance of External Influence

Maheen Hasan, Dr. Uzma Ali — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose of current study was to explore relationship between maladaptive features of daydreaming; Guilt and Fearful Daydreaming, with counterproductive factors of authenticity; Self alienation and accepting external influence. With this goal, 500 young adults aged between 18 years to 25 years were asked to be part of our survey study. After obtaining their consent they were provided with demographic form and survey form which included Short Imaginal Processing Inventory (Huba, Aneshensel, & Singer, 1981) and The Authenticity Scale (Wood et al, 2008). The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 version. Differential statistics to evaluate demographic information of data were used along with Regression analysis to investigate the relationship between our variables. The study showed that Guilt and fearful daydreaming share a significant relationship with both, Self-alienation (R² = .071, β = .26, p < .001) and Acceptance of external influence (R² = .096, β = .31, p < .001). With valuable results, this study will serve as an integral part of psychological research and provides beneficial insights into the dark and dysfunctional effects of daydreaming on developing self.

Positive Leadership: Promoting Optimism and Resilience in Organizations

Kausar Jamal, Kalsoom Jamal, Aroosha — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines the impact of positive leadership practices on employee morale, job satisfaction, and organizational outcomes. Positive leadership, characterized by optimism, resilience, and supportive communication, is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in fostering a positive work environment. Using a quantitative research design, the study surveyed 300 employees from organizations that prioritize a positive workplace culture. The data were analyzed through correlation and regression analyses to test the relationships between positive leadership and key employee outcomes. The results reveal that positive leadership significantly enhances employee morale (β = 0.65, p < 0.01), job satisfaction (β = 0.72, p < 0.01), and organizational outcomes, including performance and innovation (β = 0.68, p < 0.01). Additionally, employee morale was found to mediate the relationship between positive leadership and job satisfaction, while job satisfaction mediated the relationship between positive leadership and organizational outcomes. These findings suggest that organizations can enhance employee well-being and overall performance by promoting positive leadership practices. The study contributes to the growing body of research on positive organizational behavior and offers practical insights for leaders seeking to foster a supportive and productive work environment.

Power, Institutional Failure, and Survivor Trauma: A Medical, Political, and Social Examination of the Jeffrey Epstein Case

Sadaf Ghayoor, Sabahat Ali Sheikh, Dr. Rai Muhammad Ali — Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The case of Jeffrey Epstein is one of the most important modern instances of the combination of elite power and institutional responsibility and survivor trauma. This paper analyzes the Epstein scandal as an interdisciplinary case study, which combines the medical, political and social points of view. Based on the investigative reports, court records, witness accounts, and the academic literature about trauma and institutional failure, the study examines how institutional vulnerabilities of the law and political structures allowed the extended exploitation process and created the attitudes of people relating to the case. Medically, the paper identifies the psychological and physiological effects that come with surviving trafficking and sexual abuse in the long term such as post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety, and chronic psychological distress. The political aspect of the research is to examine how networks of influence, elite ties, and controversial legal deals may have led to the view of institutional complicity and undermined mechanisms of accountability. In the case, the situation is seen socially in the framework of power inequality, gender inequality, and trust in government and justice structures. The results indicate that the Epstein case explains a multifaceted intersection of the structural weaknesses that enabled the continuation of the abuse and the exclusion of the voices of victims over many years. It states that more institutional regulation, trauma-informed legal policies, and increased openness of political and judicial bodies is needed to treat the survivors and stop the repeating crisis in the system in the future.

Neuroticism, FOMO, and Phubbing in Young Adults in Relation to Mindfulness

Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present research focuses on exploring the relationship between Personality traits, FOMO Mindfulness, Phubbing and being Phubbed in young adults. The data was collected from 327 (Mean age= 19.7) participants from private and government universities. It was hypothesized that Personality traits especially Neuroticism, being phubbed and subjective well-being would have a relationship with each other. It was further hypothesized that mindfulness will have a moderating role in the predictive model. Five questionnaires were used in this study along with the demographic form i.e. The Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018), The Generic Scale of Phubbing, (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018), The Big-Five Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999), and Mindfulness Self Efficacy Scale-R (MSES_R) by Cayoun and Shires (2017).The feeling of fear of missing out was measured by the scale of FOMO (Przybylski et al., 2013). All Assessment measures were practiced with the permission of authors. The data was analyzed by using Multiple Regression analysis, and SEM for variables. It was revealed that FOMO has a significant relationship with trait of Neuroticism and Phubbing along with being phubbed. It was also revealed that that mindfulness played a moderating role in the relationship between FOMO and neuroticism for Phubbing.

Burnout and Logged On: The Hidden Cost of Remote Work Policies on Employee Mental Health

Tehmina Khalid, Soban Ali, Arslan Arshad — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The proliferation of remote work policies in the post-pandemic period has created a large scholarly and organizational interest in the psychological implications of the distributed work arrangements. The connections between the intensity of remote work policy, employee burnout, work-life control boundary, and employee mental health were analyzed in the framework of integrative mediated moderation. Based on the Conservation of Resources theory and the boundary management theory, the research reasoning included the hypothesis that employee burnout mediated the connection among the intensity of the remote work policy and mental health distress and that the work-life boundary control moderated the policy-to-burnout pathway and the entire indirect effect. Validated self-report measures were used to collect data on 354 full-time remote and hybrid workers working in knowledge-intensive sectors, such as Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and the General Health Questionnaire-12. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling as well as PROCESS macro analyses with bootstrapped confidence interval. The findings affirmed that high intensity of the remote work policies was a significant predictor of burnout, the mental health condition mediated the policy-mental health relationship, and the moderating effect of the boundary control was that a low level of the boundary control significantly predicted an increased mental health decline due to the burnout channel among the employees. The moderated mediation index was significant which formally proved the existence of moderated mediation. The findings contribute to theoretical knowledge on the psychological effects of remote work and provide practical recommendations to organize matters in relation to policy design, management development, and interventions to manage the well-being of employees in the context of distributed work.

Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem: Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation in Adolescents

Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the relationship between cyberbullying and self-esteem among adolescents and investigated the mediating role of emotional regulation. The survey design was a cross-sectional survey, which was quantitative. The sample included 500 Grade 9 and Grade 10 students who were chosen using convenient sampling. Cyberbullying, emotional regulation and self-esteem were measured using standardized self-report questionnaires. The analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS based on descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and mediation analysis. The results indicated that there were negative correlations between emotional regulation and self-esteem and emotional regulation and self-esteem, and positive correlations between emotional regulation and self-esteem. The emotional regulation was highly predicted by cyberbullying. The mediation analysis revealed that emotional regulation played a significant role in mediation between cyberbullying and self-esteem. These findings revealed that the greater the cyberbullying, the less the self-esteem with less emotional control. The research found out that emotional regulation is a significant phenomenon in the explanation of the relationship between cyberbullying and self esteem in adolescents.

Translation, Adaptation, and Norming of Culturally Grounded Affective Words for Valence, Arousal, and Dominance

Suleman Ahmad, Ather Mujitaba, Afshan Shaheen, Hana Naeem — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Affective word norms are essential for stimulus control in affective science, experimental psychology, and psycholinguistics, yet Urdu remains underrepresented in established lexical norm resources. The present study developed Urdu valence, arousal, and dominance (VAD) norms for a culturally adapted set of affective words derived from a Pakistan-grounded English VAD lexicon, which was then translated and culturally adapted and normed in Urdu. Using a cross-sectional, laboratory-based design, 240 Pakistani university students and young adults rated one of four stimulus lists. The final dataset comprised 320 Urdu words, with each word receiving 60 valid ratings. For each item, word-level means, standard deviations, valid ns, standard errors, and 95% confidence intervals were computed for valence, arousal, and dominance. The resulting lexicon showed broad coverage across affective space, high internal stability of word-level means across repeated random rater splits, and coherent dimensional associations among valence, arousal, and dominance. Category-based analyses further indicated that the item-construction strategy successfully distributed the final word set across distinct affective regions. The primary contribution of the study is an Urdu VAD norms resource that provides an empirically grounded basis for selecting, matching, and interpreting Urdu verbal stimuli in affective and psycholinguistic research. More broadly, the findings reinforce the importance of establishing affective properties in the target language rather than inferring them from translation alone.

Exploring Cognitive Distortions and Decision-Making Patterns Among Married Women Under High-Stress Environments

Flahat Maqbool, Madeeha Latif, Sadia Awan — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Married women in Pakistan often navigate complex domestic, social, and emotional stressors shaped by cultural expectations, gendered household roles, and limited psychosocial support. Such high-stress environments are strongly associated with cognitive distortions and impaired decision-making, yet empirical evidence from the Pakistani context remains limited.

Objective: This study aimed to (a) identify the most prevalent cognitive distortions among married Pakistani women aged 23–45, (b) examine how perceived stress influences decision-making patterns, and (c) analyze the predictive role of emotional factors fear, anxiety, and rumination on irrational decision-making.

Method: A quantitative correlational design was employed with a sample of 250 urban Pakistani housewives selected through purposive and random sampling. Standardized measures included the Cognitive Distortions Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire, General Decision-Making Style Scale, and the DASS-21 Anxiety Subscale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical regression.

Results: Catastrophizing, overgeneralization, and emotional reasoning emerged as the most dominant distortions. Perceived stress significantly predicted maladaptive decision-making (β = .41, p < .001). Emotional variables, particularly rumination (β = .28, p < .001) and anxiety (β = .22, p = .004), contributed additional variance in irrational decision patterns.

Conclusion: Married women experiencing high domestic stress in Pakistan display elevated cognitive distortions and compromised decision-making abilities. Stress, rumination, and anxiety significantly increase vulnerability to maladaptive decisions. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive cognitive and emotional interventions to support women’s mental health and decision-making capacities in stressful home environments.

Perceived Social Support and Its Effects on Suicidal Ideation of Male and Female University Students Living On-Campus and Off-Campus

Marvi Panhwar, Parvasha Memon, Areeba Khan — Sat, 07 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Suicidal ideation is a growing mental health concern for university students, especially in collectivistic societies in which social relationships are central to psychological well-being. The current research explored the relationship between perceived social support and suicidal ideation among university students, with a further exploration of gender and living arrangements differences. A cross-sectional design of research was used, and a total of 204 students (50% male and 50% female) were selected from the University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation were used. Data were analyzed with the help of the measures of correlation and the t-test of independent samples. Results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between perceived social support and suicidal ideation, ρ = -.15, p = .036, which means that the higher the perceived social support, the lower the suicidal ideation. Significant gender differences existed in perceived social support (t(202) = -3.66, p < .001) such that females (M = 54.75, SD = 16.85) reported higher levels of social support than males (M = 45.62, SD = 18.71). Males had significantly greater suicidal ideation (M=12.95, SD=5.86) than females (M=9.64, SD=4.78), t(202) = 4.43, p<.001. Living arrangements differences were also significant. A higher perceived social support was reported by day scholars (M = 60.68, SD = 10.53) than hostellers (M = 39.69, SD = 18.50), t(160.24) = 9.96, p< .001. Hostellers were more suicidal (M = 12.20, SD = 5.88) than day scholar (M = 10.39, SD = 5.15), t(202) = -2.33, p = .021. The results indicate that perceived social support is a protective factor against suicidal ideation in university students. Gender and living arrangements have a significant influence on both perceived social support and suicidal ideation. Social support systems must be strengthened, especially for male students and those in hostels. The study points to the importance of culturally sensitive mental health interventions in the university setting to promote social connectedness and suicide prevention in emerging adults.

Fear of Victimization and Future Perspectives among Religious Minorities of Pakistan: The Mediating Role of Identity Crises

Bushra Sadaf, Dr. Masood Nadeem — Sat, 07 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study investigates the psychological dynamics of religious minorities in Pakistan with particular emphasis on the relationship between Fear of Victimization (FVAM), identity crisis (SPIS) and future perspective (FTP). A sample of 758 respondents analyzed SPSS and SmartPLS tested the direct, indirect, and conditional relationships of the research. Fear of Victimization Scale was developed through comprehensive process of scale development. Social and Personal Identity Scale(16-items) and Future-Time Perspectives Scale(10-items) was translated and validated before collecting the data. Results showed that the higher level of fear produces positive relation with identity crises in minorities. The relationship between fear and future perspectives was partially mediated by identity crisis. Furthermore, identity strength emerged as a protective factor, promoting more positive future outlooks. The study supports minority stress and social identity theories, illustrating how systemic discrimination becomes internalized and consequential psychological distress. Integrated interventions that address structural insecurity and identity-based resilience must combine legal protection with inclusive policies and community empowerment programs. Cross-sectional design and dependence on self-report measures are limitations indicating a need for longitudinal and qualitative future research.

Color Psychology and Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Pakistan Super League (PSL) Team Logos

Dr. Syeda Arooj Zehra Rizvi — Sat, 07 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study conducts a multimodal discourse analysis of the eight Pakistan Super League (PSL) franchise team logos for Season 11 (2026), examining how color psychology, iconographic choices, and typographic systems construct regional identity, cultural meaning, and brand narratives within Pakistani sports communication. Drawing on Barthes’ (1957) triadic semiotic model of denotation, connotation, and myth, integrated with Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2002) theorization of color as a semiotic mode, the research treats each team logo as a visual text encoding layered cultural, political, and commercial meanings. The image based corpus comprises all eight franchise logos alongside their extended visual identity systems, including slogans, jersey color palettes, and mascots. Findings reveal that PSL logos operate as a deliberate cartography of Pakistani cultural identity, assigning each franchise a distinct regional archetype through visual vocabulary rooted in Sufi mysticism, Mughal heritage, Pashtun warrior culture, and Sindh’s maritime bravado. The color system reveals a regional differentiation through franchise specific palettes. Notably, the two newest franchises, Hyderabad Kingsmen and Rawalpindiz, disrupt the established semiotic conventions of the original six teams, signaling a generational shift in how Pakistani sports brands negotiate cultural authenticity and global modernity. The study contributes to an underexplored intersection of color psychology, sports communication, and Pakistani visual culture, offering a framework for understanding how franchise cricket leagues construct meaning through design in postcolonial South Asian contexts.

Impact of Trauma Severity and Social Support on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Rabia Aftab Sethi — Sun, 08 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

One important mental illness that occurs following exposure to traumatic events like accidents, violence, calamities or warfare is Post-Traumatic Stress Disease (PTSD). This research paper investigates how the severity of a trauma and social support influence the PTSD symptoms. Trauma severity is characterized by the intensity and duration of trauma exposure whereas the social support is characterized by emotional, informational and practical help offered by relatives, friends, and society. The research design is quantitative research design and is founded on secondary data and statistical techniques such as correlation, t-test, ANOVA and regression are employed to investigate associations between variables. The findings show that the severity of the trauma is significantly correlated with the PTSD symptoms (r = 0.71) and the social support has a significant negative correlation with PTSD (r = -0.68). Low social support individuals will have a much higher score on PTSD than the people who have high social support (p < 0.001). Also, the level of trauma is a significant elevator of PTSD levels among groups ( F = 96.45, p under 0.001), and the combination of both variables accounts to 61 percent of the variability in PTSD symptoms (R2 = 0.61). The research concludes that the more severe trauma is, the higher the risk of PTSD, and the more social support is present, the lower the influence of trauma on PTSD.

Psychometric Validation of the Spousal Neglect Scale (SNS-A) among Married Individuals in Pakistan: Evidence from Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Hassan Imran, Dr. Talat Sohail, Dr. Muhammad Luqman Khan, Dr. Aafia Rasool — Sun, 08 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Spousal neglect is a significant yet underexplored dimension of marital relationships, particularly in collectivistic societies such as Pakistan, where non-physical forms of relational dysfunction often remain overlooked. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Spousal Neglect Scale (SNS-A) among married individuals in Pakistan using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 405 married participants through convenience sampling. The SNS-A, a 16-items multidimensional instrument measuring emotional, physical, instrumental, and cognitive neglect, was culturally adapted and evaluated for indigenous suitability. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling to evaluate the factor structure of the scale. The results supported the hypothesized four-factor model, demonstrating satisfactory model fit indices (χ² = 210.36, df = 104, χ²/df = 2.02, CFI = .953, TLI = .946, GFI = .940, RMSEA = .049, SRMR = .038). The standardized factor loadings ranged from .53 to .66, indicating that all items contributed meaningfully to the latent construct. Internal consistency reliability of the scale was high (Cronbach’s α = .905), reflecting strong reliability. The findings provide robust evidence for the validity and reliability of the SNS-A as a culturally appropriate instrument for assessing spousal neglect in Pakistan. The study contributes to the limited literature on non-physical forms of marital dysfunction and offers a valuable tool for research, clinical assessment, and intervention planning in the Pakistani context.

Exploring Psychosocial Issues Due to Social Media Addiction among Young Adults: Role of Gender, Family System, and Socio-economic Status

Aamir Iqbal, Dr. Aqeel Ahmad Khan — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Social media addiction is associated with psychosocial issues, including depression, anxiety, stress, loneliness, social comparison, and cyber-bullying. The present research study addressed psychosocial issues associated with social media addiction. This study also highlighted the role of gender, family structure, and socio-economic status in connection with the relationship between social media addiction and psychosocial issues among young adults. Data was collected from young adults aged between 18-30. A convenient sampling method was used to select a sample of (N=450). This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design. The study variables were measured by using the Social Media Addiction Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Social Comparison Scale, and the Cyberbullying Scales. Data analysis was done using SPSS-28. The results indicated that there was a strong positive correlation between social media addiction and psychosocial issues. Females reported significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and social comparison and cyberbullying victimization as compared with male participants. On the other hand, nuclear family systems were more addicted to social media and facing severe psychosocial issues. Moreover, the young adults with lower socioeconomic status reported more psychological issues. Lastly, the correlation among social media addiction, psychosocial issues, gender, family system, and socio-economic status was significant.

The Leadership Styles, Performance Appraisal Politics, Work Engagement, and Employee Job Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Pakistan's Banking Sector

Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The banking sector of Pakistan, a critical component of the nation's economy, continues to face persistent challenges related to employee job performance, evidenced by rising customer complaints and service quality concerns. Drawing upon Social Exchange Theory, Leader-Member Exchange Theory, Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Job Demands-Resources Theory, this study investigates the complex mechanisms through which leadership styles influence employee job performance. Specifically, it examines the mediating role of work engagement and the moderating effect of performance appraisal politics on the relationships between transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and job performance (comprising task performance and organizational citizenship behavior). Data were collected from 500 employees across six major banks operating in Sindh, Pakistan, using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) with bootstrapping was employed to test the hypothesized relationships. The results reveal that both transformational (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) and transactional leadership (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) positively predict job performance, with transformational leadership demonstrating a significantly stronger effect. Work engagement partially mediates these relationships, explaining 52% and 44% of the effects of transformational and transactional leadership, respectively. Critically, performance appraisal politics moderates both the direct and indirect relationships, such that the positive effects of leadership on performance are substantially weakened (by up to 65%) when employees perceive higher levels of politics in performance appraisal. The findings are robust across alternative model specifications and split-sample validation. This study contributes to the literature by integrating multiple theoretical perspectives, contextualizing leadership effectiveness in a non-Western setting, and demonstrating the conditional nature of engagement-performance relationships. Practical implications for banks, policymakers, and regulators are discussed, emphasizing the need for transformational leadership development, engagement enhancement, and systematic reduction of appraisal politics to improve employee performance and service quality.

Rejection Sensitivity and Self-Efficacy Predicts Social Anxiety

Seemab Arshad, Aqsa Naz, Asif Ali Jauhar — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This current study conducted to discover the relationship between rejection sensitivity, social interaction anxiety and self-efficacy among young adults. It was descriptive study by nature and survey approach used to conduct the study. A sample of N= 300 from different institutes of Faisalabad including Agriculture University of Faisalabad, Riphah Community College, Shiblee College for Women Madina Town Faisalabad and Pasban College of Faisalabad was taken by using Simple Random Sampling technique. Both males and females were taken at equal proportion. Rejection Sensitivity RS-Adult questionnaire (A-RSQ), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) were used to assess rejection sensitivity conditions, social anxiety level and self- actualization belief respectively. A Correlational research design was used to proceed this study. After data collection, data was analyzed through SPSS. Percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation (SD), correlation and t-test were calculated using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to evaluate the relationship between rejection sensitivity, social interaction anxiety and self-efficacy among adults. Pearson correlation explored that rejection sensitivity had a significant positive correlated with social interaction anxiety (r=.38) and with negatively with self-efficacy (r= -.28) and social interaction anxiety had a significant negative correlated with self-efficacy (r= -.32), consequent t-test is used for the comparison of rejection sensitivity, social interaction anxiety and self-efficacy between male and female, which showed that, females are more significantly high rejected sensitive and social interaction anxiety is high as compare to males, while self-efficacy is higher in males as compared to females. Linear regression analysis predicted that rejection sensitivity is a significant predictor of social interaction anxiety and self-efficacy. This study is very effective and helpful for those who have low self-confidence; this study will enhance confidence level for those who struggle to polish their own abilities for the enhancement to live a better life.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Specialised SEN Training on the Social Competency Outcomes of Autistic Primary Students in Karachi

Maliha Abdul Mujeeb, Saba Shabbir, Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This research aimed to understand, test and evaluate the critical role of specialized SEN training impacting the social outcomes on autistic students within private primary schools in Karachi. The critical role of social skill acquisition for autistic students in inclusive primary settings is well-founded in research. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach. Data was analyzed from surveys (n=50) and semi-structured interviews (n=10) with primary school teachers. Quantitative results indicated a significant reliance on general pedagogical qualifications, with a gap in formal autism-specific training. Furthermore, qualitative insights revealed that barriers, such as a lack of resource provision, and inconsistent parental collaboration, severely hinder the application of consistent strategies. The findings suggest that improving social competencies in autistic students requires a triadic approach encompassing targeted capacity building for teachers, dedicated institutional resources, and formalized parent-school partnerships.

Psychological Distress, Coping Mechanisms, and Courtesy Stigma Among Wives of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: A Mixed-Method Study

Dr. Jawwad Muhammad Shujaat, Dr. Wania Naeem, Zeeshan Mehfooz Sindhu — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Wives of individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) in Pakistan constitute a clinically underserved population bearing profound psychological, relational, and social burdens. Research specifically examining their mental health within the Pakistani sociocultural context remains critically sparse despite a national drug-use burden estimated at seven million active users.

Method: A sequential explanatory mixed-method design was employed. In the quantitative phase, 120 married women whose husbands met DSM-5 criteria for SUD were recruited from rehabilitation centres and psychiatric outpatient clinics across Rawalpindi and Lahore. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Brief COPE Scale, and an adapted Courtesy Stigma Scale were administered. In the qualitative phase, 20 participants were purposively selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews; transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Key Results: Over 71% of participants reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (M = 24.7, SD = 8.3). Courtesy stigma was a significant positive predictor of depression (β = .39, p < .001), explaining 19% of variance. Self-blame coping correlated strongly with depressive severity (r = .51, p < .001). Four qualitative themes were identified: concealed suffering, shame by association, religious endurance, and helplessness.

Conclusion: Wives of individuals with SUDs in Pakistan experience severe, unaddressed psychological distress compounded by courtesy stigma and constrained coping resources. Culturally sensitive, gender-responsive psychological interventions integrated within existing rehabilitation infrastructure are urgently required for this population.

Emotional Closeness with Migrant Fathers and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Attachment

Palwasha, Arhum Fatima, Saira Tariq, Shah Fahad — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the association between perceived emotional closeness with migrant fathers during childhood and romantic relationship satisfaction in adulthood, with particular emphasis on the mediating role of adult attachment. Grounded in attachment theory and intergenerational transmission frameworks, the study is situated within the socio-cultural context of Pakistan, where labor migration frequently results in prolonged father–child separation. A cross-sectional design was employed with a sample of 150 married adults aged 25–40 years who reported having migrant fathers during their formative years. Participants completed standardized measures assessing perceived emotional closeness, adult attachment dimensions (anxiety and avoidance), and romantic relationship satisfaction. Mediation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 4 indicated that greater emotional closeness was significantly associated with higher romantic relationship satisfaction. This relationship was partially mediated by attachment anxiety and avoidance. The findings highlight the enduring psychological impact of early relational experiences and emphasize the importance of emotional availability despite physical absence. Implications for culturally sensitive interventions are discussed.

Dynamics of Capital Structure: Evidence from Auto Mobile Industry of Pakistan

Wed, 11 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study explores the speed of adjustment by using the data of automobile industry of Pakistan. For analysis purpose, this study used the 11 automobile firms and 110 years’ wise observations for the period of 2011 to 2020. Empirical findings suggest that speed of adjustment for automobile industry is 0.6, which indicates that automobile firm can adjust toward its target less than two years. This finding supports the trade-off theory assumptions. From control variables, only profitability has negative and significant effect on capital structure. This is an indication that more profitable firms belong to automobile sector, less prefer debt in its capital structure. This study contributes in the context of speed of adjustment of listed Pakistan automobile industry firm.

Artificial Intelligence, Personality Traits and Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence Among Youth

Nida Fatima, Laiba Shabbir — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study investigated the relationship between Personality Traits and youth attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence generated content. A sample of 300 Pakistani youth aged 18–25 years completed the Big Five Personality Inventory and the Artificial Intelligence Attitude Scale to assess personality profiles and responses to Artificial Intelligence generated media. Quantitative analysis revealed that openness and extraversion were positively associated with trust and engagement with Artificial Intelligence content, whereas conscientiousness and neuroticism predicted skepticism and ethical concerns. Gender differences in attitudes were also explored. The findings highlight the role of individual personality in shaping perceptions of Artificial Intelligence with implications for developers, educators, and policymakers seeking to promote Artificial Intelligence literacy and ethical engagement. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of how personality-driven differences influence the acceptance, trust, and perceived credibility of Artificial Intelligence generated content among youth.

Relationship Between Parental Qualification and Grade 4 and Grade 5 Students’ Literacy and Numeracy Achievement of a Private Primary School in District Central, Karachi

Afreen Kanwal, Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel, Dr. Nuzhat Naz — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Parental qualification provides evidence of differential access to resources, expectations, and learning opportunities at home. It is a predictor of children’s performance and achievement in school depending on the support parents provide in learning and their clear expectations from their children. Children’s performance not only becomes better, but their scores also increase depending on the conducive learning environment created by qualified parents at home. The more qualified the parents are the higher the children score in school. While extensive literature from western context confirms the positive correlation between active parental involvement and early academic skill acquisition, evidence from local context like Pakistan is rare. This paper quantitatively examines the association between parental qualification and students’ achievement in literacy and numeracy among Grades 4 and 5 in a private, primary school of district central, Karachi. It examines the how and why behind this relationship, understanding the extent to which levels of parental qualifications influence academic achievement in literacy and numeracy. This paper provides details about the instruments used for data collection and the ways through which the gathered information is rigorously analysed. Data was gathered from 240 students, 120 from each grade. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used to analyse the data. Findings show a strong, positive association between parental qualification and students’ achievements in literacy and numeracy. In both Grades and domains, chi-square tests confirmed uneven distribution of qualifications and achievements, while one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in achievement across six parental qualification levels (p < .001) and the mean achievement scores showed gradual increment alongside each higher parental qualification.

A Critical Analysis of ELTRP-HEC Project and Its Influence on English Teachers’ Professional Competence

Yasmin Anjum, Dr. Allah Noor — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The mixed-methods design used in this study was an explanatory sequential design, designed to assess the effects of ELTRP-HEC program. The quantitative phase involved 360 English teachers of the public universities in Punjab who were chosen using the snowball sampling method and the qualitative phase involved interviewing 20 resource persons. A questionnaire and an interview protocol were used to gather information, which was validated by the experts and tested on a pilot basis. The questionnaire was quite reliable (Cronbachs alpha =.87). Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics (SPSS) and manual thematic analysis. Results showed that ELTRP-HEC program had positive effects on the skills, knowledge, confidence, instruction and research capabilities of the teachers. Overall, the program contributed to enhancing the quality of English language teaching in higher education. The study recommends continuous improvement and adaptation of the program to sustain long-term professional development and further strengthen its impact.

Understanding the Role of Social Media Addiction in Shaping Students Psychological and Academic Outcomes

Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Facebook has permeated the Internet generations of the twenty-first century, making it a highly active mode of contact, especially among secondary school students. This research aims to perform an empirical analysis of whether Facebook addiction affects school children's psychological well-being and academic progress. Furthermore, the current research will look at gender disparities in terms of Facebook addiction among participants. So, it seems important to conduct study on the school students to know about their involvement with social media and its effects on their mental health and academic achievement. Study surveyed 600 respondents, male to female ratio was 1:1 and the participants were in age group 13-17 years and students of class 8th, 9th and 10th. Majority of students were urdu speaking (n=389, 64.8%). Muslims (n=580, 96.7%) and had lower middle socioeconomic status (n=318, 53%). It was assumed that facebook would be a predictor of psychological wellbeing and academic achievement of students. Findings indicated facebook as a negative predictor of psychological wellbeing and academic achievement. Results revealed that male students are using more facebook and spending more time on it than female students. Secondly, relapse and tolerance found high among male students. The results will aid parents, teachers, and education specialists in better understanding the risks of increased Facebook use among schoolchildren.

Social Support as Predictor of Resilience and Mental Well-being among Religious Minorities in Pakistan

Shafaq Mumtaz — Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of social support as visionary element of resilience and mental well-being among various religious minorities present in Pakistan. Convenient sampling was employed as the sampling technique for this research. The study included a sample of (N=155) individuals identifying as religious minorities from Rawalpindi, Chakwal and its rural areas. This thesis adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The scales employed in this research encompassed the Brief Resilience Scale BRS (Smith et al.,2008), Berlin Social Support Scales BSSS (Schwarzer and Schulz, 2000) WarwickEdinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale WEMWBS (Sarah et al., 2007). These scales were utilized to investigate the impacts of social support, resilience, and mental well-being on individuals within the religious minorities in Pakistan. The psychometric characteristics of the scales were found to be satisfactory. Various statistical analyses were performed, encompassing descriptive statistics, reliability analyses, Pearson’s product moment Correlation using, one-way analysis of ANOVA to calculate the results. The findings revealed that the Pearson product moment correlation highlighted a significant strong positive correlation of social support with resilience, and mental well-being. Lastly, resilience shows a significant positive correlation with mental well-being. The linear regression analysis revealed that social support serves as a positive predictor for resilience and mental-well being. One-way ANOVA results indicated that Christians exhibit a higher level of mental well-being compared to Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis. The outcomes of this study hold potential benefits for professionals in the fields of social psychology, educational psychology, health psychology, policy making and counseling.

Influence of Korean Culture on Self-Esteem and Body Appreciation among Young Adults

Dr. Saima Riaz, Aqsa Abdul Waheed — Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The current research investigated the relation between Koreans cultural influence, body appreciation and self-esteem among young adults in Pakistan. Cross sectional research design was implied. 260 respondents filled self-report questionnaires testing their exposure to Korean cultural media, self esteem and body appreciation. Linear regression analysis showed that the Korean cultural influence is a significant predictor of both self-esteem (=.565, p <.001, R 2 =.319) and body appreciation ( =.712, p <.001, R 2 =.506). These results imply that the more Korean cultural influence, the higher the level of self-esteem and more positive body appreciation of the participants. Altogether, the findings suggest that the exposure to culturally rich media content can become a psychosocial resource that can be used to develop positive self-perceptions and healthier body attitudes. The research has significant implications on media literacy programs, mental health interventions as well as cross-cultural psychological studies. It also highlights the importance of further investigation of the positive and possibly negative impacts of international media coverage on psychological health.

Association between Nomophobia, Loneliness and Distress among Adolescents

Aqsa Naz, Seemab Arshad, Asif Ali Jauhar — Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Nomophobia is a recent concept that captures the fear individuals experience when they are unable to utilize the features and advantages offered by smartphones. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between nomophobia and various emotional challenges and distress factors. To achieve this goal, the study employed several measuring instruments and collected data from a sample of 300 Pakistani students, with an average age of 22 years. Data was analysed using SPSS-23 and hypothesis was tested through Pearson correlation t-test and regression analysis. “Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMPQ-20)”; “Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (SELSA-15)”; and “Emotional Distress Questionnaire (EDSQ-49)”. The results of Pearson correlation found that nomophobia (t=14.83) was significantly and positively correlated with loneliness (t=13.65) and distress (t=13.73) among adolescents with significant value .000. Significant correlations between nomophobia (M=73.28 and SD=27.19) and examined variables loneliness (M=60.63 and SD=20.73) and distress (M=46.37 and SD=18.80) were determined. It was found that nomophobia acts as major predictors in terms of loneliness and distress factors.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of Program Learning Outcomes

Imran Ajmal, Dr. Samar Fahd, Dr. Mohsin Kazmi — Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present study aimed to explore and validate the underlying factor structure of Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) among undergraduate engineering students within the framework of outcomes based education. A quantitative, cross sectional research design was employed. Data were collected from a sample of 300 undergraduate engineering students using a structured PLO questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted using principal component extraction with varimax rotation. The adequacy of the data was confirmed through the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, and factors were retained based on eigenvalues greater than 1.0 and factor loadings ≥ .40. The EFA yielded a clear and interpretable five factor solution, comprising Knowledge and Lifelong Learning, Ethical and Social Responsibility, Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Cognitive and Performance Outcomes, and Professional Skills and Application. All retained items demonstrated satisfactory factor loadings, supporting the multidimensional nature of Program Learning Outcomes in engineering education. The findings provide empirical evidence for a five dimensional structure of engineering PLOs, aligning with contemporary competency based and outcomes based education models. The validated factor structure supports the use of the instrument for curriculum evaluation and quality assurance and highlights the need for future research using confirmatory factor analysis and cross disciplinary validation.

The Role of Parasocial Interaction, Social Media Marketing Activities and Brand Outcome: A Study of Restaurant Industry of Pakistan

Shahla Sohaib, Dr. Kaleem Ullah — Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

In this digital era, social media marketing activities have a dominant role in reshaping the product by improving brand outcome through Parasocial interactions. Parasocial interaction is a psychological relationship between customers with social media influencers on digital platforms including Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Tik- Tok and Instagram. This study has analyzed the effectiveness of social media marketing activities with the mediating role of Parasocial interactions. The study is based on quantitative data analysis of fast-food and beverage industry including KFC, McDonald, Coke and Pepsi within Pakistan. The data was collected by a survey method from 467 respondents, predominantly comprising Gen Z and restaurant customers. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied using PLS4 as a software for data analysis. The study found a significant and positive impact on social media marketing activities on brand outcomes. The findings show a direct positive effect of SMMAs on Parasocial interaction. These key marketing outcomes are highly significant and positive. The role of mediator of Parasocial interaction was found to be positive and have significant effect, which shows that there is a strong relationship between social media marketing activities and brand outcome. The study highlights the effective utilization of social media marketing activities to boost sales of the industry through Parasocial interactions of customers.

Work–Life Balance and Subjective Well-Being in Pakistan’s Healthcare: The Role of Extrinsic Motivation and Job Engagement

Zameer ul Hasan, Dr. Muhammad Imran Khan — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines the complex associations among Work-Life Balance to Subjective Well-Being by analyzing the facilitating roles of Self-Efficacy and Job Engagement. Further analyzes the impacts of Extrinsic Motivation and Family Motivation on Work-Life Balance. The psychological trails and boundaries that describe this association remain under-explored. Structural Equation Modeling is used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results indicate that Work Life Balance has a significant and positive impact on Self-Efficacy and Job Engagement, which in turn act as partial mediators to increase Subjective Well Being. Furthermore, the results indicate the indirect impact of Work Life Balance on Job Engagement and on Subjective Well Being of an individual's motivational profile. The study suggests that the benefits of Work-Life Balance are not identical but increase when associated with an individual’s rewards-based and family-oriented goals.

Classroom Activities and Primary Students' Health Consciousness: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Sulma Farooq, Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen, Kashmala Mehboob — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Health consciousness among young learners is vital for their lifelong health and academic achievements. This quantitative quasi-experimental research explored how health consciousness at the primary level might be influenced by classroom activities in Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir. It mainly emphasized four health consciousness dimensions: balanced diet, safe use of water, disease prevention, and personal hygiene. A pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design was used. The sample consisted of 4th-grade students of a government girls' school in Kotli, AJ&K. Through convenience sampling, 62 students were picked (31 in the control group and 31 in the experimental group). A multiple-choice test on health consciousness was created and verified by the University of Kotli AJ&K faculty members. Reliability was confirmed by pilot testing (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Pretest and posttest were administered for data collection and results were analyzed using SPSS, employing paired-sample t-tests and independent-sample t-tests. The results showed that the experimental group, which was taught through activity-based learning, scored significantly higher in the posttest (M = 33.42, SD = 2.58) than the control group taught by traditional methods (M = 24.18, SD = 3.92). An overall strong, significant positive impact of classroom activities on the health consciousness was seen. Besides, three sub-domains: safe use of water, prevention of disease, and personal hygiene also quite significantly contributed to the difference. On the other hand, there was not any significant difference between the two groups on balanced diet consciousness. The study finds that classroom activities can greatly enhance health consciousness among primary children. Among its recommendations is that science teachers integrate activity-based learning, get in-service training on active learning methodologies, and that curriculum developers increase health-related content with fun classroom activities.

Between Transcendence and Nearness: Tasawwuf's Resolution of the Tanzih/Tashbih Antinomy and the Ontology of the Human Person

Syed Shamil Bokhari, Sara Batool Syed — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This article argues that classical Islamic mysticism (Tasawwuf) resolved a philosophical problem that speculative theology (kalam) managed but never solved: the antinomy between divine transcendence (tanzih) and divine accessibility (tashbih). Through analysis of three principal figures, al-Junayd (d. 298/910), Ibn 'Arabi (d. 638/1240), and Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034/1624), and the mediating practical anthropology of al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), the article demonstrates that the Sufi doctrines of fana' (annihilation) and baqa' (subsistence) constitute a philosophical anthropology in which the human person, having shed the illusion of autonomous selfhood, becomes the locus of manifestation (mazhar) in whom tanzih and tashbih are simultaneously upheld. The article gives particular attention to Sirhindi's wahdat al-shuhud, which it reads as both a phenomenological and an ontological correction to Ibn 'Arabi's synthesis, rather than a conservative retreat from it. It concludes that the suppression of this tradition by colonial modernity, Wahhabi reformism, and liberal secularism represents an anthropological impoverishment whose recovery requires institutional as well as intellectual attention.

EROS at Work: Intimacy, Romance, and the Organizational Self

Khalid Iqbal Sandhu — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study explores the emotional life that quietly unfolds within professional institutions. Workplaces are often regarded as spaces of discipline, schedule, and rational conduct. Yet behind formal titles and structured roles stand human beings who carry warmth, emotions, longing, memories, and a persistent need for connection. Through sociological reflection, psychological theory, and autobiographical narration, emotional attachment in organizational life is examined as a gradual human phenomenon that appears through gestures, symbols, and acts of giving, while its asymmetry and eventual withdrawal leave deep and lasting imprints on the inner world of individuals. Drawing upon the works of Erving Goffman, Anthony Giddens, John Bowlby, Robert Sternberg, Arlie Hochschild, Marcel Mauss, and others, the study argues that intimacy in workplaces is not an unusual interruption of professional life but a natural outcome of human proximity, shared purpose, and emotional familiarity. The study reflects on cultural values, religious ethics, moral conflict, and the pain of emotional withdrawal. It further suggests that workplace romance should be understood not merely as a scandal or distraction but as a dimension of the broader human search for warmth, recognition, meaning, and emotional connection.

Role of Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Improving Workplace Efficiency: A Qualitative Study at Reckitt

Aliha Mirza, Maryam Jabbar, Mehar Sohail — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examine the role of Industrial Organizational (I-O) psychology in boosting organizational performance, with a precise attention on psychological factors including motivation and leadership within Reckitt. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi structured telephonic interviews with six employees from varied positions. The findings expose that employee motivation is largely powering by intrinsic factors, including recognition, autonomy, meaningful work, and consistency with organizational goals, instead of financial rewards alone. Leadership style evolved as a essential element of performance, with supportive, participative, and flexible leadership enhancing employee engagement and productivity. Meanwhile, ineffective leadership and lack of recognition contributed to disengagement and reduced efficiency. The work also identified key organizational barriers, as well as poor communication, unclear roles, bureaucratic processes, excessive meetings, and outdated systems, which seriously impair workplace performance. Thematic analysis emphasized that autonomy, trust, and a sense of purpose positively influence employee productivity, while structural inefficiencies impair productivity. Ultimately, the work emphasizes that workplace efficiency is fundamental in psychological and organizational dynamics, indicated that organizations should prioritize employee wellbeing, effective leadership practices, and streamlined processes to achieve long term productivity gains.

Family System and Marital Satisfaction Among Married Women: The Serial Mediating Roles of Perceived Social Support and Marital Autonomy

Hafsa Farooq Rana, Dr. Arooj Zahra Rizvi, Hafsa Razzaq — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present study examined the relationship between family system (joint vs. nuclear) and marital satisfaction among married women in Pakistan, with a specific focus on the serial mediating roles of perceived social support and marital autonomy. A total of N=180 married women (90 from joint families, 90 from nuclear families) participated in this cross-sectional correlational study. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling from Jhang, Pakistan. Data were collected using a demographic information sheet, the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Marital Autonomy Scale. Results showed that women in nuclear families reported significantly higher perceived social support, marital autonomy, and marital satisfaction compared to women in joint families. Serial mediation analysis revealed that perceived social support and marital autonomy fully and serially mediated the relationship between family system and marital satisfaction. The direct effect of family system on marital satisfaction became non-significant after accounting for the mediators. Findings indicate that family structure does not directly determine marital satisfaction; rather, it operates through psychological mechanisms of perceived support and decision-making autonomy. Implications for culturally sensitive family interventions are discussed.

Understanding the Effects of Violent Movies and Cartoons on Children’s Behaviour: A Qualitative Study of Schools in Layyah District

Syeda Iraff Mubeen, Dr. Nighat Sana Kirmani, Dr. Samina Akhtar — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of violent movies and cartoons on children’s behaviour and emotions from the perspectives of school heads. Using a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 school heads from government and private primary schools in Layyah District, South Punjab, Pakistan. Data were analyzed thematically with the support of NVivo 12 software. Four main themes emerged: aggressive behaviour, drawbacks of cartoons, effects on academic achievement and peer relationships, and concerns about moral decline. The findings reveal that school heads observed significant negative influences of violent movies and cartoons on children’s attitudes, including aggression, disobedience, and reduced social harmony. Furthermore, participants also stressed the need for parental guidance and teacher involvement in monitoring and mediating children’s media consumption. This study contributes to understanding the behavioural and emotional consequences of violent movies and cartoons on children and highlights implications for educators, parents, and policymakers.

Relationship between Resilience and Academic Achievement of Students with Hearing Impairment

Muhammad Irfan Arif, Dr. Humara Bano, Dr. Maria Sohaib Qureshi — Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed at investigating the relationship between resilience and academic achievement of students with hearing impairment. The study also highlighted the difference in the resilience of students with different degrees of hearing loss i.e moderate, sever and profound. A self-developed resilience Scale for students with hearing impairment (RSSHI) comprised of 60- Items related to 10 Major Protective factors of Resilience i.e Self-Esteem, Self-efficacy, Creativity, Internal Locus of Control, Autonomy, Optimism, Emotional Intelligence, Sense of humor, Stress Management Skills and beliefs about disability was used to collect information about the resiliency traits of students with hearing impairment. The data was analyzed by using simple descriptive, inferential statistical techniques i.e Mean (M), Standard deviation (SD), independent samples t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson r’ coefficient of correlation. The data analysis revealed that the students with different degrees of hearing impairment at secondary school level possesses low level of resilience i.e poor self-esteem, poor self-efficacy, poor emotional intelligence, poor locus of control, poor autonomy, poor sense of optimism and hope, poor sense of humor, poor stress coping skills and poor beliefs about disability. A positive relationship between resilience and academic achievement of students with hearing impairment was found in the study. The findings of the study are useful for School administrators, and policymakers in the field of special education. Special education policies and practices that aim to improve the resilience and well-being of kids with hearing impairment may benefit from this study's findings.

Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Suicidal Ideation in College Students: The Mediating Role of Social Connectedness

Dr. Misbah Arshad, Minha Sadiq, Dr. Sarah Mufti — Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of social connectedness with difficulties in emotion regulation and suicidal ideation among college students. The sample of 884 college students (i.e. girls and boys) with age ranging from 16 to 19 years from Jalalpur Jattan, Gujrat, Pakistan. For the current sample social connectedness partially mediate the difficulty in emotion regulation and suicidal ideation. The findings showed negative correlation of difficulties in emotion regulation with social connectedness and positive correlation with suicidal ideation. The group differences revealed that college boys have higher level of social connectedness and girls from government colleges showed higher level of suicidal ideation. Bayesian network model showed that it is possible to accurately predict the suicide risk among college students. However, it is important to study several other contextual factors (socioeconomic status, cultural factors, social support etc.) which may exhibit their effect on suicidal ideation and social connectedness.

Development and Validation of Specific Learning Disability Screening Checklist (SLDSC) for Students in Special Education

Aqsa Batool, Sarwat Sultan — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed at developing and validating a standardized tool-Specific Learning Disabilities Screening Checklist (SLDSC) for screening and identification of learning disabilities among primary students in Special Education Pakistan as literature found no indigenous standardized tool was available for screening of students in special education Pakistan. A 5-point Likert type SLDSC was constructed by going a series of phases involving item generation, content validity measures, pilot testing, and scale validation procedures. An instrument of 77 items was generated through Content Validity Index (CVI) and underwent into Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) conducted on a purposive sample of 672 participants to extract factorial structure of the tool. Resultantly, 38 items SLDSC with three factors, factor loadings > 0.50 paved the way for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a sample of 500 participants to measure psychometric properties of the tool. The model fit indices CFA confirmed a 37-item SLDSC with three subscales depicting excellent internal consistency, strong convergent and discriminant validity. The findings witnessed that a newly developed SLDSC with robust psychometric properties can be applied by special education educators and psychologists for screening and identification of students with specific learning disabilities in special education settings.

Fear of Re-Injury and Self-Efficacy in Adolescent Athletes with Tennis Elbow: Mediating Effects on Training Load and Competitive Performance

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This randomized controlled trial investigated the role of fear of re-injury and self-efficacy as mediators of training load and competitive performance in adolescent athletes with tennis elbow. Forty-seven competitive racquet sport athletes aged 13–19 years with clinical lateral epicondylitis were recruited for the study. Participants with baseline Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia scores >20 were randomized into either intervention group (cognitive-behavioral therapy plus standard rehabilitation) or the control group (standard rehabilitation only). The 8-week intervention consisted of weekly psychological skills training sessions of graded exposure, self-efficacy enhancement, and cognitive restructuring. Assessments were made at baseline, week 4, week 8, and at 4-week follow-up. Primary outcomes included Fear of Re-Injury, Self-Efficacy, training load and competitive performance metrics. The PROCESS macro was used to conduct a mediation analysis testing the mediating role of psychological factors. Significant reductions in fear of re-injury and improvements in self-efficacy were observed in the intervention group compared to controls (p < 0.001). These changes significantly mediated improvements in training load tolerance (indirect effect = 544.0, 95% CI: 289.3–856.1) and competitive performance (indirect effect = 12.0, 95% CI: 5.7–20.4). Effect sizes were large for fear reduction (Cohen's d = 1.56) and self-efficacy enhancement (d = 1.48). Psychological intervention effectively reduces fear of re-injury and enhances self-efficacy in adolescent athletes with tennis elbow. These psychological changes directly mediate improvements in training load and competitive performance. Findings support integrating psychological skills training into standard rehabilitation protocols. Future research should examine long-term sustainability and dose-response relationships.

Impact of Marital Adjustment and Emotional Regulation on Depression in Infertile Couples

Khansa Atta, Dr. Tamkeen Saleem, Muhammad Abdullah — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of marital adjustment and emotional regulation on depression in infertile couples. A sample of 150 infertile couples was collected from different cities in the province of Punjab and the capital Islamabad. The instruments were the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Naseer, 2000) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Khan & Kauser, 2014), and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Data was analyzed by using SPSS (version-23) and AMOS (version-11). On testing the main assumption of the current study, findings of the study revealed that both actor and partner effects of emotion regulation on depression among married couples were significant whereas only the actor effect of marital adjustment on depression was significant (Model-I). Moreover, it was revealed that both actor and partner effects of components of emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression) on depression among married couples were significant (Model-II). Further, it was found that husbands exhibited more cognitive reappraisal as compared to wives. The current study provided a rich and insightful understanding for researchers, educators, clinicians and other health professionals who are working for the betterment of the mental health of infertile couples.

Effectiveness of School-Based Intervention on Motivation towards Physical Activity and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Anmol Ayaz, Dr. Sajida Naz — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Adolescent physical inactivity is a public health problem and has been shown to be associated with a number of negative psychosocial outcomes, including low self-esteem, behavioral dysfunction, and poor educational performance. In this research, the psychological effects of a school-based structured intervention on adolescents' motivation to participate in physical activity were explored. Forty Pakistani adolescents (M age = 13.42 years, SD = 1.17) were recruited in a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) using pre-test/post test control group design with equal numbers in the intervention group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). The Self-Concept Questionnaire (SCQ), Adolescent Behavior Checklist (ABC), Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A), Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), and academic performance indicators were used for outcome measures. The experimental group received a 5-week classroom-based structured program, while the control group did not receive it. Results at post-intervention showed significantly higher scores for academic motivation (M = 3.60, SD = 0.50) and self-concept (SCQ; M = 193.10, SD = 4.64) for participants compared to the controls, as well as higher scores for participation motivation (PMQ; M = 36.00, SD = 2.34) and physical activity levels (PAQ-A; M = 105.85, SD = 4.67). In addition, the ABC group (M = 10.15, SD = 4.24) showed significant decreases in behavioral problems, and no significant changes were seen across any measure for the control group. The results showed that the structured school-based interventions with psychological support are effective strategies for psychological well-being and active lifestyle of Pakistani youth.

The Role of Emotional Affect in Gender Differences in Willingness to Report Interpersonal Violence among Gen Z

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the role of emotional affect in gender differences in willingness to report interpersonal violence among Gen Z. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was used, and data were collected from 340 Gen Z respondents through a structured questionnaire. The study measured gender, emotional affect, and willingness to report interpersonal violence. Emotional affect included fear, shame, guilt, anger, anxiety, and sadness. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis, independent samples t-test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that respondents reported high levels of fear, shame, anger, and anxiety, while willingness to report was moderate. Correlation results indicated that fear, shame, guilt, anxiety, and sadness had significant negative relationships with willingness to report, whereas anger had a significant positive relationship. Regression analysis showed that emotional affect significantly predicted willingness to report, explaining 42% of the variance. Fear was the strongest negative predictor, while anger was a positive predictor. Gender differences were also significant, with female respondents showing higher willingness to report than male respondents. The findings suggest that reporting interpersonal violence is influenced by both gender and emotional responses. The study highlights the need for gender-sensitive, confidential, and trauma-informed reporting systems that reduce fear, shame, and anxiety while encouraging safe disclosure among Gen Z.

From Screens to Society: Examining the Role of Psychological Capital in the Relation between Online Acts of Kindness and Altruism in a Quasi-Experimental Setting

Dr. Leenah Ãskaree, Areeba Khan, Ayesha Vohra, Javeria Ehtesham, Rija Taj — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present study aimed to examine the impact of exposure to online acts of kindness on altruistic behavior and to investigate the role of psychological capital in predicting altruistic tendencies among participants. The study was grounded in the frameworks of positive psychology and social learning theory, which suggest that positive emotional experiences and observational learning can influence prosocial behavior (Bandura, 1977; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). A quantitative pre-test and post-test research design was used to assess changes in altruistic behavior following exposure to kindness-based online content. Psychological capital, consisting of hope, resilience, optimism and self-efficacy, was also examined as a predictor of altruistic behavior. Data were collected from participants using standardized self-report measures assessing altruistic behavior and psychological capital. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS to analyze the data. The findings indicated a slight increase in altruistic behavior after exposure to online acts of kindness, with mean altruism scores increasing from pre-test (M = 75.95, SD = 11.69) to post-test (M = 76.64, SD = 16.01). Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between psychological capital and altruistic behavior at pre-test (r = .778, p < .001) and a moderate positive relationship at post-test (r = .478, p = .001). Regression analyses further demonstrated that psychological capital significantly predicted altruistic behavior, accounting for 61% of the variance in pre-test altruism (R² = .605) and 23% of the variance in post-test altruism (R² = .229). The findings suggest that exposure to online acts of kindness may positively influence altruistic tendencies, while psychological capital plays a significant role in promoting prosocial behavior. Individuals with higher levels of optimism, resilience, hope and self-efficacy were more likely to demonstrate altruistic behavior and respond positively to kindness-based content. The study highlights the constructive role of digital media in encouraging empathy and pro sociality and emphasizes the importance of psychological strengths in shaping social behavior. Despite certain limitations, the research contributes to the growing literature on positive psychology, digital media influence and altruistic behavior.

Nature, Consciousness, and Ecological Thought: An Ecocritical Analysis of William Wordsworth and Abdul Ghani Khan’s Selected Poems

Warisha Fazal, Dr. Sherhzad Ameena Khattak — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Ecocriticism is a critical study in literature that examines the relationship between literature and environment. It explores how nature is represented in texts, how humans interact with nature, and how literature can shape ecological consciousness. Some poets, such as William Wordsworth, a famous literary figure of 19th century English Romanticism and Abdul Ghani khan, a prominent 20th century Pashto poet, explore human- nature relationship in their poetry which encourages ecological consciousness and deepens man's connection to nature. Although, their work has been analyzed from different critical perspectives, their poetry has yet to be the subject of comparative study from the perspective of Lawrence Buell's ecocritical theory of Environmental Imagination (1995). This research aimed to fill this gap by using Lawrence Buell's ecocritical theory of Environmental Imagination (1995) and Alan McKee's textual analysis (2001) to compare the portrayal of the human-nature relationship in Abdul Ghani Khan and William Wordsworth's chosen poems.The findings showed the similarities and differences between the two poets and deduced that in spite of differences in their eras, geographical locations, cultures, language and style, there is affinity between the two poets in their attitude towards human-nature relationship. The current research addressed the vast demand for literary-linguistic examination of leitmotifs of nature in geographical, cultural, and linguistic circumstances as a way of promoting environmental sensitivity and sensibility. By applying an ecocritical perspective, this study further showed how their poems encourage readers to reconsider their own relationship with nature and recognize its essential role in human life.

Role of Young People Safely Trust AI-Based Mental Health Support, and Psychological Factors Predict Dependence, Trust, or Help-Seeking

Shumaila Afzal, Kainat Khan, Anzah Babar, Jawahir Tabassum — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: AI-assisted mental health interventions are becoming more prevalent in Pakistan; however, it is not understood how the technology can foster safe (calibrated) trust versus unhealthy dependence among young people, or what psychological factors drive the use of AI interventions so that they are used alongside human help. Objective: Psychological predictors of safe trust, unhealthy dependence, and active help-seeking towards AI mental health support among young Pakistanis. Methods: Data collection methods involved a cross-sectional survey of 402 young people (aged between 18 and 30 years) of which 58.2% were female. Various scales including trait anxiety, interpersonal trust propensity, perceived stigma, digital self-efficacy, help-seeking experiences, and outcomes were given to participants. Data were analyzed using regression, moderation, and mediation analyses. Results: Digital self-efficacy (β = .42), trust propensity (β = .21), and stigma – (β = –.17) were found to be significant predictors of safe trust. Trait anxiety (β = .48), prior negative help-seeking (β = .26), and low digital self-efficacy (β = –.15) were all predictors of unhealthy dependence. Safe trust (β = .41), reduced stigma (β = –.24), and negative prior experiences (β = –.14) were all significant predictors of active help-seeking. Anxiety is a more significant predictor of dependence than of trust or help-seeking (p < .001). The trust–help-seeking relationship was moderated by collectivism (β = .14, p = .003) and self-efficacy–trust was moderated by digital access inequality (β = –.18, p = .001). There was no sign of any decrease in religiosity. Conclusion: Digital self-efficacy, low stigma and trust propensity are factors that help young Pakistanis develop safe trust. Negative experiences and anxiety heighten dependence risk. Safe trust encourages integrated help-seeking – especially in collectivist families. Interventions to foster digital literacy, decrease stigma, monitor users who are experiencing digital anxieties, and address digital access inequality.

Trial of Civilians by Military Courts in Pakistan: Constitutional Analysis of Article 10-A and International Human Rights Obligations

Dr. Saima Butt, Muhammad Hannan Ali, Umar Usman — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This paper explores constitutional law's issues regarding civilian trials in Pakistani military tribunals. Article 10A of the Pakistani Constitution and Article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) are specifically cited in doing so. The theories of constitutionalism and due process serve as the foundation for the study. In particular, the study looks at whether military courts in a constitutional democracy can be consistent with the values of the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, and fair trial. This research is primarily qualitative and relies on a doctrinal approach. It examines the provisions of the Constitution, prevailing judicial precedents, international standards of human rights, and literature on the subjects. It investigates the legal jurisdiction of military courts in Pakistan and the manner in which they were established following particular amendments to the Constitution on account of the national security concerns. The paper also analyzes the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and attempts to reconcile the international concerns on military and fair trial. The results show that even though the military courts have been justified in regard to the exceptional situation of continuing security threats and the exigency of justice, their operational modalities are of grave concern in regard to both the domestic and international legal frameworks. The study recommends strengthening civilian courts and complying with Article 10-A and ICCPR commitments to preserve the constitutional order in Pakistan.

Personality, Emotional Regulation, and Behavioral Differences Among Siblings Born Before Versus After a Child With Special Needs

Dr. Madeeha Latif, Dr. Rizwan Anwer, Saira Jabeen — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Growing up alongside a child with special needs (CWSN) reshapes family dynamics, potentially affecting typically developing (TD) siblings differently depending on birth position relative to the CWSN. Findings on birth-order effects remain inconsistent, and South Asian data are limited.

Objective: This study compared emotion regulation and behavioral difficulties between TD siblings born before versus after a CWSN, and tested whether expressive suppression mediates the birth-position–behavioral-difficulties relationship.

Method: A comparative cross-sectional design was used with 190 TD siblings (aged 10–18) recruited from special education centers in Lahore and Rawalpindi: Group 1 (born before CWSN; n = 87) and Group 2 (born after CWSN; n = 103). Participants completed the Urdu-validated Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Independent samples t-tests, correlations, and PROCESS Model 4 mediation were used.

Results: Group 2 reported significantly higher expressive suppression and behavioral difficulties than Group 1, with medium effect sizes. The cognitive reappraisal difference was small. Expressive suppression partially mediated the birth-position–behavioral-difficulties relationship.

Conclusion: Birth position relative to a CWSN is associated with differential emotion regulation and behavioral outcomes, largely through expressive suppression, supporting birth-position-sensitive, culturally responsive interventions for TD siblings in Pakistani families.

Urdu Translation and Validation of Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire on Pakistani Population

Syeda Raiha, Anam Mumtaz, Amna Saleem Khan Lodhy — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) developed by Xie (1998) was translated and validated with an adult sample in Pakistan. Data was collected using a cross-sectional design with 430 respondents via an online survey. Standard forward-backward translation procedure was used to translate the instrument. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out to test the factorial structure; the reliability and validity indices were assessed. The results showed that the proposed two factor structure was well accepted with the values of CFI = 0.904, IFI = 0.907, and RMSEA = 0.044, and the TLI (0.880) indicated marginal improvement of the model. The total scale had an acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.77) and a low internal consistency for passive coping (α = 0.50); the active coping scale had an acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.76). The convergent and discriminant validity indices were not within the recommended limits, specifically for the construct of passive coping. Overall, results are partially supporting the factorial structure of the Urdu version of the SCSQ. The findings indicate that the concept of active coping is psychometrically stable whereas passive coping is not robust psychometrically in the present cultural context. The scale is recommended for further refinement for enhanced cross-cultural validity.

The Impact of Digital Minimalism on Focused Attention, Deep Work, and Organizational Discipline Among Young Professionals: The Moderating Role of Self-Regulation

Mehar Sohail, Dr. Sumera Tul Hasan, Ayesha Bibi, Mahum Fatima — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The relationship between digital minimalism, focused attention, deep work and organizational discipline related to professionals in digitally intensive professions is examined, with the concept of self-regulation as a moderator. Previous studies have shown that multitasking can negatively impact attentional control, cognitive fatigue and productivity in a digital environment of constant interruptions and demands and information overload (Mark et al., 2008; Ophir et al., 2009). The study is based on the concept of digital minimalism a deliberate focus on lessened nonessential digital engagement a concept that seeks to understand how digital minimalism can improve cognitive efficiency and improve discipline in the workplace. The use of a mixed-methods design (Creswell and Creswell, 2018) was done. A cross-sectional survey of 320 professionals from academic and corporate research sectors, and from healthcare/administrative was used for the quantitative phase. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple regression and Hayes' PROCESS macro for moderation analysis (Hayes, 2018). The qualitative phase consisted of a small number of semi-structured interviews (12–15) which were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The results showed that digital minimalism was significantly positively associated with focused attention (β = .42, p < .001) and deep work (β = .39, p < .001) and significantly positively predicted these two variables. There were high inter-correlations among all the variables as revealed by the correlation analysis. Moderation analysis indicated that this was facilitated by self-regulation which resulted in more pronounced effects for those with greater self-regulatory capacity (Baumeister & Vohs, 2007). Qualitative themes were digital overload, distraction of attention, notification fatigue and structured digital boundary management. In general, the results align with the theories of cognitive load, attentional control, self-regulation and deep work, underscoring the need for conscious digital action for greater productivity in the workplace.

Shame, Fear, and Anger as Predictors of Reporting Interpersonal Violence: Examining Gender Differences in Generation Z and Generation Alpha

Fariya Tahreen, Annika Manzoor, Kiran Shahzadi, Ayesha Nisar, Dr. Mehreen Faiza — Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Interpersonal violence is a serious issue among young people, but many of them feel too uncomfortable to share anything about it. The present study aims to examine shame, fear, and anger as predictors of reporting interpersonal violence among Generation Z and Generation Alpha, with particular attention to gender differences. This study was used a quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational research design. The sample was BS first-year 300 students selected through convenience sampling from higher education institutions. Male and female students were included to compare gender-based differences in emotional responses and reporting behaviour. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The instrument was included a demographic information sheet, a scale measuring shame, fear, and anger related to interpersonal violence, reporting behavior, students’ willingness or tendency to report violence to parents, teachers, friends, counsellors, or formal authorities. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent-samples t-test, and multiple regression analysis. It was found that shame and fear may negatively predict reporting behaviour, while anger may positively predict the likelihood of reporting interpersonal violence. The study may help educational institutions, counsellors, and policymakers understand the emotional barriers that prevent young people from seeking help. The findings may also support the development of safer, gender-sensitive reporting systems for students.

Adult Attachment Styles as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms among University Students of Pakistan: The Mediating role of Emotional Dysregulation

Farwaa Ali Khan, Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Although adult attachment insecurity has consistently been linked to poor psychological adjustment, the mechanisms underlying this association in the Pakistani context remain unexplored. Emotional dysregulation was found to play a mediating role, in the present study, in the relationship between depressive symptoms in university students, adult attachment styles, and emotional dysregulation. Data collected from 400 university students (18-29 years) enrolled in public and private universities across Pakistan by using the experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire (Fraley et al. 2000), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation (DERS) Questionnaire (Gratz et al. 2004) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9) (Kroenke et al. 2001). According to correlation analyses, emotional dysregulation and symptoms of depression were positively correlated with attachment anxiety. Emotional dysregulation was found to partially mediate the connection between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms in mediation analysis. In contrast to that, avoidant attachment was not found to be a significant predictor of depressive symptoms and emotional dysregulation. These results have shown that difficulties in emotion regulation may represent an important pathway through which attachment anxiety contributes depressive symptoms among university students. Hence the present study emphasizes the potential benefits of focusing interventions on emotional regulation in universities and schools to improve mental health among students.

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Digital Cognitive Overload Scale

Misbah Parveen, Syeda Raiha — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The present study used an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to develop and examine the preliminary psychometric properties of the Digital Cognitive Overload Scale among social media users. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 active social media users to generate an initial item pool of 25 items. In Phase II, the preliminary scale was administered to 300 social media users aged 18–40 years through convenience sampling. Exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring supported a single-factor structure, suggesting that digital cognitive overload functioned as a unified cognitive strain construct in the present sample. The scale showed acceptable internal consistency and a preliminary one-factor structure; however, convergent/external validity was not supported. The scale should therefore be treated as an initial instrument for assessing cognitive strain in digitally mediated environments, not as a fully validated measure.

Perceived Masculinity Threat and Psychological Well-Being among Male University Students

Misbah Arshad, Zenat Noreen, Zanib Shafique, Mahnoor Ghaffar — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The current study explored perceived masculinity threat associated with psychological well-being among male university students in Pakistan. Perceived masculinity threat was determined through gender role conflict and masculinity contingency that captures a unique psychological aspect of men when their masculine norms are threatened. The research included 800 male participants selected through convenience sampling from the University of Gujrat in Pakistan. Participants completed three standardized self-report questionnaires: The Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS), the Masculinity Contingency Scale (MCS), and the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB). The results revealed that both indicators of perceived masculinity threat (gender role conflict and masculinity contingency) had significant positive correlation with psychological well-being. However, multiple regression analysis showed that masculinity contingency was the only significant predictor of psychological well-being. The findings further revealed that psychological well-being varied significantly across socioeconomic status groups, while perceived masculinity threat indicators remained consistent across these groups. The study discusses implications for understanding male mental health within the cultural context of Pakistan

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Middle-Aged Pakistani Woman: A Clinical Case Report

Pulwasha Anwar, Madiha Khan, Saima Ashraf, Saira Jabeen — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by chronic, excessive, and difficult-to-control worry accompanied by cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms that substantially impair daily functioning. Women are disproportionately affected, and in Pakistan many individuals initially seek help from faith or traditional healers, often delaying access to evidence-based psychological care.

Case Presentation. We report the case of a 49-year-old married homemaker who presented to a private psychological rehabilitation centre in Pakistan with a six-month history of persistent, uncontrollable worry regarding her family's safety, accompanied by restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, irritability, and morning-predominant ghabrahat (anxious agitation) following her daughter's acute illness. Assessment included a clinical interview, behavioural observation, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB), and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The client obtained a BAI score of 35, indicating severe anxiety, and a RISB score of 151, indicating significant maladjustment. The clinical presentation fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder according to the DSM-5-TR-TR (300.02/F41.1).

Intervention and Outcomes. The client received eight weekly individual Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) sessions (40–45 minutes each) incorporating psychoeducation, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, worry management, thought records, sleep hygiene, and family counselling. By the completion of therapy, she demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement, including reduced excessive worry, improved mood, resumption of household responsibilities, decreased restrictive behaviours toward her children, and enhanced confidence in managing anxiety symptoms. Following completion of the intervention, the client was referred for continuation of psychological care and relapse-prevention planning.

Conclusion: This case demonstrates the feasibility and clinical utility of culturally adapted Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for the management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a private psychological rehabilitation setting in Pakistan. It highlights the importance of culturally sensitive assessment, family involvement, and evidence-based psychological interventions in promoting functional recovery and psychological well-being.

Urdu Translation and Preliminary Testing of the 36-item Token Test in Healthy Adults

Uzma Razim, Raffa Mubeen, Maryam Kiyani, Tahiar Yousaf, Hira Jabeen — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Token test is a commonly used tool for assessing auditory comprehension difficulties in individuals with aphasia. Although it has been translated into several languages, an Urdu version is not widely available for clinical use in Pakistan. The absence of culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment tools may limit formal assessment of auditory comprehension in Urdu speaking individuals.

Objective: This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and preliminarily test the 36-item Token Test in healthy Urdu speaking adults.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 healthy bilingual adults from Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Urdu was primary language of all participants. The Token Test was translated from English to Urdu using a structured translation process, including forward translation, expert panel review, back translation, pre-testing and cognitive debriefing. The final Urdu version was administered to the participants. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation.

Results: No inconsistencies were reported during forward translation. In back translation, most items showed no inconsistency. Minor differences were observed at word and phase level. During cognitive debriefing, 55% of participants reported no difficulty, while 45% reported some language-related difficulty. The Token Test scores range from 30.5 to 36. The mean score was 33.42 ±1.48, indicating that the participants performed within the normal range.

Conclusion: the Urdu version of the 36-items Token Test showed acceptable preliminary performance in healthy Urdu-speaking adults. The translated version may provide a useful starting point for formal auditory comprehension assessment in Urdu. However, further studies are required to examine its reliability, validity, normative values and clinical usefulness in individuals with aphasia.

“I Gave Away My Child”: Maternal Loss and Cultural Pressures Following Intersex Birth in Pakistan”

Hadisa Ali, Dr Sidra Azim — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The current case study aims to explore the phenomenon of maternal loss in relation to the separation of intersex children due to the forced separation in Pakistan. Set against the backdrop of the socio-cultural context marked by stigma, strict gender roles, and patriarchal families, the current study seeks to analyze the impact of these elements on maternal grieving and women’s agency. The qualitative case study design was used, and data were gathered via one-to-one semi-structured interviews conducted with only one participant. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the data. Five themes were identified from the analysis: lost joy at birth, forced separation, silent and ongoing grief, loss of maternal identity, and marital loss and abandonment. The findings revealed that decision-making in the process of separation was under the control of family members, leading to the forced separation and psychological suffering of the participant. Her grief went unnoticed and unsaid, which can be characterized as disenfranchised grief. This research identifies the necessity of increased recognition of maternal experiences within the context of intersex issues, stressing the significance of culturally sensitive support systems. This is an important contribution to the existing literature on maternal losses and intersex experiences in Pakistan.

Research, Development, and the Workshop: Rethinking the Foundations of Design Education

Syeda Rabiya Fatima Zaidi, Ijaz Hussain, Muhammad Abdullah Mushtaq — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Design education in Pakistan, and in much of the developing world, continues to be organized around the transmission of technique rather than the cultivation of inquiry. This paper argues that research and development (R&D) and the studio workshop are not peripheral supports to design pedagogy but its structural core. Drawing on practice-based research frameworks associated with Donald Schön, Brad Haseman, Linda Candy, and Estelle Barrett and Barbara Bolt, the paper examines how reflective practice, material experimentation, and iterative prototyping generate knowledge that cannot be reached through lecture-based instruction alone. It draws on two decades of programme-building experience in a textile design department, including the establishment of screen printing, CAD, digital fabric printing, and multihead embroidery studios, and on a practitioner case study of natural indigo textile production. The paper concludes that institutions seeking to produce design graduates capable of authorship, rather than imitation, must treat the workshop as a site of research in its own right, and must fund, staff, and evaluate it accordingly.

Effect of Self-Disclosure and Friendship Quality and Emotional Intimacy among Female Adults

Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Supportive and emotionally open friendships contribute significantly to emotional well-being, especially among young women. The present study examined the effect of self- disclosure and friendship quality on emotional intimacy among 200 female adults studying at RLMC and RLKU in Lahore, Pakistan. Convenient sampling was used for data collection. The research focused on three key variables: Self-Disclosure, Friendship Quality, and Emotional Intimacy. Standardized psychological scales like Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale 1988, Friendship Quality Scale and Mcgill Friendship Questionnair-FF were used to assess these Self-Disclosure, Friendship Quality and Emotional Intimacy. Pearson correlation, ANOVA, Independent Sample t-test and regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships and predictive effects. The findings revealed that both self-disclosure and friendship quality were significantly associated with emotional intimacy. Moreover, friendship quality emerged as a stronger predictor of emotional intimacy than self-disclosure. The results suggest that emotionally close and supportive friendships characterized by trust, loyalty, and mutual understanding play a vital role in shaping emotional connection among female adults. T test was used to examine that there is no significant relationship between family system on Self-Disclosure, Friendship Quality and Emotional Intimacy. One way ANOVA was used to examine that age groups did not provide significant relationship but on the basis of education, there is a significant relationship between friendship quality.

Extent and Dimensions of Cyber Sexual Harassment among Late Adolescents and Young Adults in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Izza Mahfooz, Saima Dawood — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Cyber sexual harassment (CSH is increasingly recognised as a widespread but locally under-documented feature of young people's digital lives. This study examined the extent and dimensions of CSH among late adolescents and young adults in Pakistan and assessed how victimisation varied across key demographic and social-media-use characteristics. A cross-sectional survey design was used, and data were collected via an anonymous online questionnaire from students at public and private universities across Pakistan, using convenience sampling. The final analytic sample comprised 1,155 respondents (52.7% women, 47.1% men; age range 16–35 years, M = 22.04, SD = 3.08). Victimisation was assessed with the 21-item Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Victimization Scale (TFSV-VS; Powell & Henry, 2019), which yielded excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .97). Overall, 45.0% of participants reported experiencing at least one of the 21 assessed forms of CSH at least once, and 23.3% reported repeated victimisation. Digital sexual harassment was the most prevalent of the scale's four conceptual domains (40.7%), followed by gender- and sexuality-based harassment (19.7%), image-based sexual abuse (17.4%), and sexual aggression and coercion (15.0%). Victimisation did not differ significantly by gender or age group but was significantly associated with relationship status and, most strongly, with daily social-media use, which showed a graded, dose–response relationship with victimisation. These findings establish that CSH is a highly prevalent, multidimensional, and socially patterned phenomenon among Pakistani youth and provide an empirical foundation for prevention efforts, institutional policy, and further qualitative and clinical research on its psychological consequences.

The Impact of Supervisor Support, Career Advancement, and Flexible Working Arrangements on Productivity in Pakistan's Sports Manufacturing Industry: The Mediating Role of Employee Retention

Atayyab Ashraf, Maha Nadeem Butt, Muhammad Sajjad Hussain — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Employee retention is one of the leading needs of the organization, and findings reveal that supervisors' support and promotion, and flexible assignments are the important factors contributing to the retention of employees and they must be considered. Therefore, this study aims to analyses the effect of supervisor support, career development and flexible working on employee retention and retention's contribution in enhancing the productivity of the firm in Pakistan's sports manufacturing industry. The questionnaires of the employees from sports manufacturing companies Sialkot, Lahore, Gujranwala, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad were used for collecting primary data. The study also checks the items and variables' reliability and association among variables using SmartPLS. The findings showed that there is a positive association between employee retention with supervisor support, employee retention with career advancement, and supervisor support with flexible working arrangements and employee retention with flexible working arrangements, and employee retention and productivity of the firm are positively associated. The findings also revealed the importance of employee retention as a significant mediator between supervisor support, career improvement options, flexible working arrangements and firm productivity. The research will inform managers and policy makers to craft HR strategies for productivity in the firm through supervisor support, career progress and flexible working arrangements.

Work-Non-Work Life Balance and Perceived Stress among the Working Women

Tabasam Jabbar, Safa Sajjad, Hadiqa Irfan, Fizza Ejaz Janjua — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Achieving a balance between work and non-work life remains a significant challenge for working women, often contributing to increased levels of stress and reduced well-being. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between work–non-work life balance and perceived stress among employed women from diverse professional backgrounds. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were collected from 200 working women across various institutions and occupations. The Standard Stress Scale (Gross & Seebaß, 2014) and the Work–Life Balance Scale (Brough et al., 2014) were used to assess participants’ stress levels and work–life balance, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationships among study variables. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between work–life balance and perceived stress, indicating that lower levels of work–life balance were associated with higher levels of perceived stress. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference in stress levels was observed across marital status groups (F = 3.61, p < .05). Additionally, the number of family members was found to be negatively associated with work–life balance (r = −.19, p < .01), suggesting that larger family size may present additional challenges in maintaining a satisfactory balance between work and personal life. These findings highlight the importance of promoting effective work–life balance strategies to reduce stress and enhance the well-being of working women. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on occupational health and provides practical implications for organizations and policymakers seeking to support female employees.

Frequency of Postpartum Depression and its Association with Social Support and Obstetric Complications among Primiparous Women

Amna Akram, Hanifa Waqar, Nudrat Rashid, Iqra Akram — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common mental health conditions following childbirth, especially for women who becomes first-time mothers. Women in their first pregnancy may experience emotional, psychological, and physical difficulties as they adjust to motherhood. The lack of social support and high levels of obstetric complications during the prenatal, birthing, and postpartum periods are known risk factors for postpartum depression. Identifying these factors early on in life is key to enhance maternal health and health outcomes for infants. The aimed of the study was to describe the prevalence of PPD and to assess its relationship to social support and obstetric complications in women who gave birth for the first time. A cross-sectional study of the 150 primiparous women who attended postnatal and obstetrics clinics was carried out across 6 months. The participants were recruited by consecutive sampling method from the age group 18-40 years within 6 weeks postpartum. A structured demographic questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to measure postpartum depression, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure social support and a clinical obstetric record form to record obstetric complications were used to obtain data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysing data at p<0.05. The prevalence of postpartum depression was 31.3% (47/150). There was a significant association between the perceived level of social support and the prevalence of PPD, with women reporting low social support having a much higher prevalence than those reporting moderate and high social support (p < 0.001). Other factors that were significantly related to postpartum depression (p = 0.002) were obstetric difficulties such as prolonged labor, postpartum hemorrhage, emergency cesarean section and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Logistic regression analysis revealed that low social support and obstetric complications were independent risk factors for PPD. Postpartum depression is a frequent condition in primiparous women and there is a strong association of poor social support and obstetric complications. Routine screening for postpartum depression, reinforcing family and community resources and community, and early psychological counseling provision for women who experience obstetric complications can decrease the burden of postpartum depression and enhance maternal health outcomes.

Exploring the Likely Impact of Digital Health Literacy on Cyberchondria and Psychological Distress

Saba Nake Akhtar, Sitwat Usman Langrial, Bareera Saeed — Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Digital platforms have become a primary source of health information for young adults in low- and middle-income countries, yet the psychological consequences of this shift remain poorly characterised outside high-income settings. This study examined the relationship between digital health literacy and psychological distress among university students in Pakistan, testing cyberchondria as a mediating mechanism and financial anxiety and proactive coping as moderators, within the theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. A cross-sectional survey of 307 university students (62.2% female) from Islamabad and Rawalpindi was conducted using validated self-report measures. Data were analysed using bivariate correlation, hierarchical multiple regression, and PROCESS-based moderation and mediation analysis. Contrary to the hypothesised direction, digital health literacy was significantly and negatively associated with both cyberchondria (β = -.28, p < .001) and psychological distress (β = -.18, p = .002). Cyberchondria was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress (β = .80, p < .001) and partially mediated the relationship between digital health literacy and distress (indirect effect = -.22, 95% CI [-.32, -.12]). Financial anxiety significantly strengthened the association between cyberchondria and psychological distress (b = .14, p = .002), whereas proactive coping significantly attenuated it (b = -.19, p = .026). These findings indicate that digital health literacy functioned as a protective, rather than a risk-amplifying, factor in this population, and that its effect on psychological distress operated in part through reduced cyberchondriac behaviour. Implications for digital health literacy interventions and directions for future research are discussed.

Diet Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Gene–Inflammation Interaction

Yasmeen Bano, Dr. Tanzela Bashir, Ascho Fatima, Syeda Siddiqa — Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined whether the interaction between inflammatory genetic risk and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) moderates the association between diet quality and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 486 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2020 depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and inflammatory status was evaluated through serum IL-6 concentrations. A pro-inflammatory Genetic Risk Score was constructed using eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the IL6, TNF, CRP, and IL1B genes. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the independent and interactive effects of diet quality, inflammatory genetic risk, and IL-6 while controlling for demographic and health-related covariates. Higher diet quality was significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms (β = −0.24, p < .001). Serum IL-6 independently predicted depressive symptoms (β = 0.19, p < .001), while the interaction between diet quality and IL-6 was also significant (β = −0.12, p = .008). Most importantly, the three-way interaction among HEI-2020, inflammatory GRS, and IL-6 significantly improved the prediction of depressive symptoms (ΔR² = .03, β = −0.16, p = .006). Simple-slope analyses demonstrated that the inverse association between diet quality and depressive symptoms was strongest among participants with high inflammatory genetic risk and elevated IL-6 levels (β = −0.41, p < .001), whereas no significant association was observed among individuals with low genetic risk and low IL-6 levels (β = −0.08, p = .31).The findings indicate that the mental health benefits of healthy dietary patterns differ according to an individual's inflammatory genetic susceptibility and inflammatory status. Gene–inflammation interaction significantly moderates the relationship between diet quality and depressive symptoms, highlighting the importance of integrating nutrigenomic and immunological biomarkers into precision nutrition and personalized public health strategies for the prevention and management of late-life depression.

The Evolution of Pre-Arbitral Dispute Boards in Collaborative Megaproject Contracting: A Data-Driven Analysis of Claim Avoidance vs. Institutional Arbitration

Mohsin Ali, Sheikh Muhammad Ali, Hammad Altaf Khan, Aurang Zaib Ashraf Shami — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The increasing complexity of collaborative megaprojects has intensified the need for efficient dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms that minimize delays, preserve commercial relationships, and reduce reliance on costly institutional arbitration. This study examines the evolution of pre-arbitral dispute boards within collaborative megaproject contracting and evaluates their effectiveness in promoting claim avoidance compared to formal institutional arbitration. Employing a qualitative doctrinal research methodology based exclusively on secondary sources, the study analyzes international legal literature, arbitral rules, standard construction contracts, judicial decisions, industry reports, and comparative case studies. A data-driven analytical approach is adopted to identify trends in dispute board performance, including the frequency of dispute avoidance, early claim resolution, cost efficiency, and project continuity. The findings indicate that modern dispute boards have evolved from reactive adjudicative bodies into proactive collaborative institutions that facilitate early risk management, continuous stakeholder engagement, and timely dispute resolution. While institutional arbitration remains indispensable for resolving complex and high-value disputes, the research demonstrates that effective integration of dispute boards significantly reduces the number of disputes escalating to arbitration, thereby enhancing contractual certainty and project performance. The study concludes by recommending stronger contractual frameworks, institutional support, and standardized best practices to maximize the effectiveness of pre-arbitral dispute boards in future megaprojects.

Relationship between Social Networking Sites, E-Health Literacy and Self-Esteem among Young Adult: A Quantitative Study

Tayyaba Azad, Rida Amjad, Fatima Muhammad Ayoub — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Social networking sites are widely used that enable individuals to connect and share information. These platforms also influence how people communicate about personal health, treatment, and healthcare providers. People can access and utilize online health information related to specific health issues. Self-esteem enhance psychological well-being requires a strong sense of self-worth. This research aims to investigate the relationship between social networking sites, E-health literacy and self-esteem among young adults using cross-sectional research design with correlational analysis. This study was conducted to fill the literature gap and find valuable implication. Data is gathered from young adults, ages 18 to 25, using a self-report measure and correlation research design. Quantitative survey method was used. Data was collected by convenient sampling technique. In order to determine the result data analysis was done using SPSS. Spearman correlation was used to find out the relationship between the variables. A survey was conducted on 250 young adults. Three scales were administered on the respondents: social networking sites, e-health literacy and self-esteem scale. The study showed that there is a positive relationship between social networking sites and e-health literacy. The study showed that there is positive relation between e-health literacy and self-esteem. These results highlight the need for interventions to boost young adults' well-being and self-esteem through better e-health literacy and responsible social networking sites use, offering new insights for educators, health professionals, and policymakers.

Self-Esteem, Ambivalent Sexism, and Life Orientation in Youth: A Correlational Study among University Students in Pakistan

Sawera Batool, Arifa Batool, Dr. Afsheen Masood — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between self-esteem, ambivalent sexism, and life orientation in Pakistani youth. The study employed a correlational research design. One hundred and fifty students participated in the study. The study was conducted among students aged 19-29 years who were enrolled at the universities in Lahore, Pakistan. Specifically, 73 male and 77 female students were included in the study. The participants responded to three standardized questionnaires, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and the Life Orientation Test-Revised. The data were analyzed using product-moment correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, independent sample t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the aid of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The results of the study showed that self-esteem was positively correlated with optimism (r= .45, p< .01) and negatively correlated with hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. Self-esteem was a positive predictor of optimism (Beta= .42, p< .001). The analysis revealed that gender predicted optimism and pessimism; females were more pessimistic than males (t=- 2.92, p< .01; Cohen d= .80). Family income differentiated optimism levels; youth who belonged to the family with an income of 50, 000 – 100, 000 PKR appeared to be the most optimistic. The obtained results have provided important insights into the relationship between self-esteem, ambivalent sexism, and life orientation in Pakistani society. The research has practical implications for gender studies, social psychology, and community work with the youth.

Translation and Validation of Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI) in Urdu for Caregivers of People with Post-Stroke Aphasia

Muqadas Fatima, Maryam Nadir Kiyani, Tehreem Ijaz, Iqra Naeem, Sidra Imran — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Post-stroke aphasia affects communication in daily life, participation, and quality of life. The Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI) is a caregiver-reported measure of functional communication, but a validated Urdu version was not available. Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate CETI in Urdu for caregivers of people with post-stroke aphasia. Methods: A descriptive psychometric validation study was conducted in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Chakwal. Translation followed forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, expert review, and cognitive debriefing. Pilot testing included 5 caregiver-patient dyads, and the main validation included 30 bilingual caregiver-patient dyads. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient in 15 dyads after one week, and convergent validity with Spearman's correlation between Urdu and English CETI scores. Results: CETI-U showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.975), excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.998), and a very strong positive correlation with the English CETI (ρ = 0.980, p < 0.001). Conclusion: CETI-U is a reliable, valid, and culturally appropriate tool for assessing functional communication in Urdu-speaking people with post-stroke aphasia.

Perceived Interparental Conflict, Hopelessness, and Psychological Distress among Young Adults

Hafsa Aslam, Dr. Muhammad Luqman Khan, Ayesha Ali — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the relationship between perceived interparental conflict, hopelessness, and psychological distress among young adults in Pakistan, using a cross-sectional design with a sample of young adult participants. Standardized instruments were used to assess the study variables, including the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The findings revealed that perceived interparental conflict was significantly associated with hopelessness and psychological distress, with higher levels of perceived conflict related to increased hopelessness and greater psychological distress. Mediation analysis further indicated that hopelessness partially mediated the relationship between perceived interparental conflict and psychological distress, suggesting that exposure to parental conflict may increase feelings of hopelessness, which in turn contributes to psychological distress. Limitations include the use of self-report measures and a convenience sample, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Academic Performance Scale (APS) for Adolescents

Aqsa Naz, Dr. Talat Sohail, Dr. Muhammad Imran — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

In the area of education and developmental psychology, academic performance is one of the most widely studied concepts because it is the key to the academic path that students can take in the present as well as the future career, social and psychological outcomes. The Academic Performance Scale was designed by Taimur et al. (2024) and is a psychometric tool used to evaluate students' academic performance. The original scale was created and validated in English, and they would not be able to use the scale directly with Urdu-speaking adolescent populations without encountering language and cultural barriers. This is because no two linguistic and cultural environments are identical, and a literal translation does not necessarily reflect conceptual, semantic or psychometric equivalences, which requires a systematic translation and adaptation process. The present study aims to describe the translation and cultural adaptation process of the Academic Performance Scale in Urdu to be used with adolescents according to the well-known guidelines of translation process suggested by Brislin (1970). Four systematic steps of back-translation, reconciliation, forward translation, and expert committee review were followed for the translation process, followed by a pilot test of the 100 adolescents to assess the clarity, comprehension and cultural appropriateness of the items. This article provides the theoretical basis, the methodology and the translation process used for the adaptation of the scale step by step. The reliability and validity indices of the pilot testing data is reported separately by the researcher.

The Role of Islamic Corporate Banking in Enhancing Financial Performance and Relationship Management in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bank Islami

Nabiha Nadeem, Hammad Zafar, Syeda Sabahat — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines the mediating effect of risk and moderating effect of customer relationship management (CRM) of Islamic corporate banking practices on financial performance. While the literature has highlighted the importance of Sharia-compliant capital and financing structures, empirical results are inconclusive in addressing their effectiveness in terms of risk reduction and performance improvement. The study is quantitative in nature with a cross sectional research design and primary data obtained from the employees of corporate banking community of Pakistan. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine direct, mediating and moderating relationships. The reliability and validity of the measurement was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, AVE and HTMT, and the structural relationships were verified by bootstrapping. The findings show that good corporate governance has a significant and strong effect on risk with a value of β = 0,548 and with a value of p < 0,001, while the Sharia capital structure and Sharia financing structure have no significant direct effect. Risk has a significant positive impact on financial performance (β = 0.560, p < 0.001), and moderates the relationship between the governance and financial performance. While the capital or financing structure does not appear to influence the governance–risk relationship, CRM appears to moderate this relationship. The model accounts for 51.8% of the risk variance and 31.4% of the financial performance variance. The results make significant contributions to the practice of Islamic banking and financial institutions, alongside suggesting avenues for future research with longitudinal and cross-country designs.

Relationship of Postpartum Depression, Mother Child Bonding, and Marital Satisfaction among New Mothers

Isma Kaynat, Dr. Anum Khan — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

When women give birth to a child, after two or three days, the feeling of depression and anxiety begins. She may face sleeping problems, control of emotions, and her feelings about her newborn child. (UNICEF, 2015). The present study was aimed to examine the relationship of postpartum depression, mother child bonding, and marital satisfaction among new mothers. In order to meet the study objective, cross sectional research design was used and participant were approached through purposive sampling technique. The sample of the study consisted of (N=300) mothers who got delivered child 10 to 15 days before. In order to measure postpartum depression, mother child bonding and marital satisfaction these scales were used Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox et al., 1987), Mother-Infants Bonding Scale (Yoshida et al., 2012), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1933) respectively. The results revealed that postpartum depression have significant negative correlation with mother child bonding and marital satisfaction. The study has important implications for mothers.

Techno-Stress and Teachers’ Instructional Effectiveness: The Mediating Role of Digital Self-Efficacy

Saira Ramzan, Sarwat Naheed Chaudhry, Saba Sarwar — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The increasing integration of digital technologies into educational institutions has transformed teachers’ instructional responsibilities while simultaneously introducing new sources of occupational stress. Technostress may arise when teachers experience technology-related overload, complexity, uncertainty, insecurity, or invasion of their professional and personal time. Although previous research has established that technostress can adversely affect employees’ performance and teachers’ attitudes toward information and communication technology, less attention has been given to the mechanisms through which technostress may influence teachers’ instructional effectiveness. The present study therefore examines the relationship between technostress and teachers’ instructional effectiveness, with particular emphasis on the mediating role of digital self-efficacy. The study is grounded primarily in Social Cognitive Theory, which proposes that individuals’ beliefs about their capability to perform a task influence their behavior, effort, persistence, and performance. A quantitative, survey design is proposed. Teachers working in public secondary schools would constitute the target population, and data would be collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of measures of technostress, digital self-efficacy, and instructional effectiveness. Descriptive statistics would initially be used to summarize respondents’ perceptions, followed by mediation analysis to determine whether digital self-efficacy explains the relationship between technostress and instructional effectiveness. The proposed model assumes that greater technostress is associated with lower instructional effectiveness and that stronger digital self-efficacy may partially protect teachers from the negative consequences of technology-related demands. The study is expected to contribute to educational technology research by shifting attention from technology availability toward teachers’ psychological capacity to use technology effectively. Its findings may assist educational policymakers and school administrators in developing professional-development programs that strengthen teachers’ digital confidence while reducing unnecessary technology-related demands.

Illness Perception, Death Anxiety and Quality of Sleep among Patients with Renal Failure

Tallat Saeed, Amna Javed, Dr. Maaz Ud Din — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study's primary goal was to ascertain how married male and female patients with renal failure perceived their illness, fear about dying, and sleep quality. Additionally, it investigates the connection between renal failure patients' perceptions of their condition, fear about dying, and sleep quality. Additional research comparing the perceptions of sickness, fear about dying, and sleep quality among individuals with renal failure according on gender, SES, and educational attainment. In this study, correlational and quantitative comparative research designs were employed. Purposive sampling was employed, and a total of 120 patients with renal failure—60 married men and 60 married women—were gathered from DHQ hospitals in Faisalabad and Jhang division. The study's variables were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Death Anxiety Scale, and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. SPSS was used to statistically examine the data. Data analysis was done using a correlation matrix and an ANOVA. By adjusting for variables including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and length of sickness, multivariable logistic regression is used to evaluate the relationship between disease perceptions, sleep quality and death anxiety. Depending on the type of variable, several statistical tests were used to analyze the hypothesis. The Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the hypothesis, and the findings were confirmed. The findings demonstrated a strong negative correlation between disease perception and death anxiety, as well as a favorable correlation between illness perception and sleep quality. However, there is a strong negative correlation between death anxiety and sleep quality. The findings indicated that men had comparatively higher levels of sickness perception, death anxiety, and sleep quality than women. The findings also demonstrated that perceptions of disease, fear about dying, and sleep quality were comparatively lower in low SES than in medium SES and high SES, and higher in under metric than in intermediate and bachelor.

Raising Awareness about Stress among Students at a Public University in Jamshoro: Identifying Precautions for Improvement

Muhammad Zaman Bhutto — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

In this study, stress levels among students at a public university in Jamshoro are investigated, with an emphasis on determining the main sources of stress and how they affect academic achievement. The study, which is qualitative in nature and is based on a survey and interviews, shows what is known about stress in general, including its causes, symptoms, and prevention. Google Forms was used to administer the product electronically and collect data. 78 people in total replied to the survey. Zoom interviews with teachers and doctors were used to augment the data that was gathered via Google Forms. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the data in order to determine participant response frequencies. Using a mixed-method approach, information was gathered from 78 participants—54 female and 24 male students—via questionnaires, as well as observations from educators and medical professionals. The results show that the biggest causes of stress among students are an overwhelming workload and expectations for academic success. Stressors that were not anticipated, like threats, blackmail, and harassment, were found. According to the report, there is a clear awareness gap and a dearth of support systems in the university's efforts to address these problems. In order to address these pressures, the report suggests holding workshops and running awareness campaigns. The report suggests an awareness campaign and workshops for university students to help them learn about common stress and improve their basic health literacy. It also suggests creating a mobile application that will act as a university portal for reporting and handling grievances in addition to advising and educating students on health-related issues. Through the provision of tools for effective stress management, this project seeks to improve the academic and personal well-being of students in general. A comprehensive health awareness campaign is necessary in all higher education institutions, according to the study's conclusion, as the vast majority of the younger generation falls into this category.

Digital Mirrors and Distorted Self-Perceptions as Predictors of Contingent Self-Worth among Emerging Adults: Role of Upward Social Comparison

Joham Raheel, Dr. Sidra Azim — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study explored the relationship between the use of digital mirrors, distorted self-concept, upward social comparison, and contingent self-worth among emerging adults. Moreover, the study tested the moderating effect of upward social comparison on the association between the use of digital mirrors, distorted self-concept, and contingent self-worth. With the consideration of the rising significance of online self-representation and social comparison, it was aimed to investigate their impact on self-worth among emerging adults. A cross-sectional research approach was used in this study. A sample of 315 emerging adults studying in universities were recruited using convenience sampling technique. Measures such as Presentation of Online Self Scale, Self-Concept Clarity Scale, Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure, and Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale were used. Internal consistency analysis revealed acceptable internal consistency for Presentation of Online Self Scale (α = .73), Self-Concept Clarity Scale (α = .82), and Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (α = .72). However, satisfactory internal consistency was shown for Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (α = .52). The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the use of digital mirrors and distorted self-perception (r = .49, p < .001), upward social comparison (r = .26, p < .001), and contingent self-worth (r = .39, p < .001). Distorted self-perceptions had a significant correlation with upward social comparison (r = .72, p < .001) and contingent self-worth (r = .35, p < .001). However, upward social comparison was not significantly correlated with contingent self-worth (r = .11, p = .057). The regression analysis revealed that there was a significant prediction by the use of digital mirrors and distorted self-perceptions of contingent self-worth, (R² = .19, p < .001). It can be concluded from the findings that there is an association between digital mirror and distorted self-perceptions and contingent self-worth, especially when there is an increased level of upward social comparison. Overall, it can be stated that there is a connection between social comparison and contingent self-worth.

Relationship between Excessive Screen Time, Eating Behavior, and Procrastination in both Urban and Rural Settings among College Students. A Comparative Study

Tayyaba Azad, Fatima Muhammad Ayoub, Mehwish Bibi — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the relationship between excessive screen time, eating behavior, and procrastination in both urban and rural settings among college students. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and was quantitative in nature. Data collection involves convenience sampling. Three distinct tools were used to measure the study's variables. The adult eating behavior questionnaire, the screen time questionnaire, and the general procrastination scale. The population of my study consists of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from various schools and colleges. The statistical package for social sciences, or SPSS, was utilized to analyze and look into the study's hypotheses. The relation between the variables was determined using the Spearman correlation. The Two-Way ANOVA was used to assess the differences between male and female participants in urban and rural settings since the data is not normally distributed. The study sample comprised 184 students drawn from both rural and urban areas. The study has significant implications for teenagers' general well-being, education, and health in both rural and urban settings. It assisted in identifying the issues that students were having, and the institution ought to employ student counselors.